Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy

Question: Talk about the Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy. Answer: Presentation: The article examines three nail conditions and clarifies the causes and the executives. The paper examines about onycholysis, splinter hemorrhages and paronychia. Nail growth is a ceaseless contamination additionally called as onychomycosis. This disease is brought about by dermatopytes (molds, ringworms, and yeasts) influencing finger and toe nails step by step destructing the nail plate. The side effects of nail growth include orange/earthy colored and white/weaknesses or fixes on the nails. At times it brings about discharge of foul smell causing onycholysis that is falling of nail from the nail bed (Becker and Bershow 2013). The reasons for onycholysis are injury, skin illnesses, hereditary elements, and other fundamental infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosais known to develop under the nails during onycholysis. This condition is treated with topical and oral treatment. Oral contagious treatment is powerful technique as it enters the nail plate and the nail bed. Oral drugs that give total fix of nail disease terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazolewhich energizers the development of new noninfected nail. Topical cream, for example, Efinaconazo le (Jublia) and tavaborole (Kerydin) are affirmed by US FDA and are profoundly viable in relieving onychomycosis. General practices for forestalling of nail organism are keeping nail dry, short and clean, utilization of breathable socks and other stylish support (Iorizzo 2015). Splinter hemorrhages are another sort nail issue. These contaminations happen corresponding to the long pivot to or finger nails. It is ordinarily brought about by infective endocarditis, hematological harm, serious iron deficiency, injury and vasculitis, for example, fundamental lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis, and rheumatoid joint pain. They show up as flimsy earthy colored, red or ruddy earthy colored lines under the nails toward the development of the nails and look like splinter. There is no particular consideration for this nail condition. Now and again, it is shown as variation from the norm, for example, when splinter hemorrhages are brought about by onycholysis and it additionally happens in patients with nail psoriasis. In the event that splinters happen in numerous nails it is considered as foundational issue. In any case, they are not agonizing because of which the vast majority maintain a strategic distance from while stylish treatment is required for certain individu als. At the point when splinters happen all the more every now and again and in huge numbers it is a characteristic of connective tissue issue. The splinter hemorrhages can forever vanish when the nail diseases settle. The contagious disease must be treated with fundamental or topical antifungal treatment. Antifungal balms containing cortisone are regularly controlled. Patients are upheld o eat food that are regular blood more slender (Haber et al. 2016). Paronychia is the nail issue described by irritation of the tissue encompassing the nail (Shafritz and Coppage 2014). It incorporates discharge gathering between the nail framework and the fingernail skin bringing about redness, agony, expanding and delicacy in the territory. Intense paronychia results from bacterial disease the basic operator being Staphylococcus aureus. It very well may be dealt with non-precisely. The ceaseless paronychia results from psoriasis or dermatitis which is usually brought about by candidal disease and bacterial operators, for example, Pseudomonasspp. In the ceaseless condition erythema and oedemaare appeared on the proximal and sidelong nail folds. The normal treatment incorporates organization of oral antifungal or topical steroids. Customary follow up is required to forestall profound situated contaminations. Careful strategy includes Swiss move method where the non-follower dressing the nail overlap is raised and reflected proximally. For diabetic pa tients forceful treatment approaches utilized. General administration incorporate utilizing warm splashes and topical antifungal specialists, for example, miconazole, ketoconazole or fluconazole are managed (Relhan et al. 2014). References Becker, C. furthermore, Bershow, A., 2013. Lasers and photodynamic treatment in the treatment of onychomycosis: a survey of the literature.Dermatology online journal,19(9). Haber, R., Khoury, R., Kechichian, E. furthermore, Tomb, R., 2016. Splinter hemorrhages of the nails: a methodical audit of clinical highlights and related conditions.International Journal of Dermatology,55(12), pp.1304-1310. Iorizzo, M., 2015. Tips to treat the 5 most normal nail issue: fragile nails, onycholysis, paronychia, psoriasis, onychomycosis.Dermatologic clinics,33(2), pp.175-183. Relhan, V., Goel, K., Bansal, S. also, Garg, V.K., 2014. The board of incessant paronychia.Indian diary of dermatology,59(1), p.15. Shafritz, A.B. also, Coppage, J.M., 2014. Intense and incessant paronychia of the hand.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons,22(3), pp.165-174.

Change Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change Management - Assignment Example The postal association has some expertise in dispatch and express administrations (Australian Government, 2011). The association is attempting to extend business in the field of retail product and organization administrations. Customary postal assistance business had gotten unfruitful in most recent couple of years. The idea of customary postal correspondence has changed because of advancement of email correspondence, informal communication. Individuals want to utilize web correspondence as opposed to customary postal administrations. The postal association has brought about lost $90 million in most recent 5 years. Australian Post is attempting to change business methodology regarding moving spotlight on retail Merchandise and organization Services. They have to deal with the change procedure cautiously. Change the executives will assist them with building a solid hierarchical structure. Change Management Change the executives attempts to coordinate various frameworks and structure w ith the authoritative structure of the organization. Change the executives can be applied in the progress period of the association. An organization can go for entire framework change or fractional framework change. Numerous associations use ADKAR change the executives model to improve profitability. Dupont is a notable synthetic organization of USA. They utilized the model to execute change the executives in the creation procedure. ADKAR model can be clarified in the accompanying manner. An Awareness is created for change. Top administration of the organization distinguishes issue zones like staff profitability, poor assistance conveyance, poor yearly deals volume and low efficiency of existing framework. The administration at that point chooses to change existing procedure. D-Existing workers express want to take part in change process. They can be named as change specialists. K-Knowledge as far as preparing and improvement is given to the change operators. The information procedu re causes them to comprehend key issues of new framework. A-This is the application part of progress the board. In this stage association begins to utilize new actualized framework. Association takes outside assistance to actualize new framework. The outer framework screens the application stage. Instructing and tutoring are required to oversee change specialists. R-Organization attempts to fortify the manageability factor. Organizations attempt to keep up the new actualized framework. They attempt to break down the aftereffect of progress the board in this stage. Change the board is a powerful procedure. Association can execute change the board program in different zones like showcasing, creation process, monetary administration framework and hierarchical structure. Change the board can be actualized by modifying the considering procedure existing representatives. It is hard to track down representatives who acknowledge change effectively. The association needs to choose change spe cialists prepared to acknowledge new framework. Administration based models like changing client relationship the executives requires thorough preparing and improvement program. Top level administration needs to speak with change operators routinely. Study shows that in any event 15 commitment are required to explain the destinations of top administration (University of Pennsylvania, 2010). Change Management in Australia Post Australia Post has business ability in the field of postal administrations (like letter and package conveyance, dispatch administrations). The association is attempting to grow business in the field of outsider office administrations like banking, charge installment, protection, visa application and

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant bo ´rigärd [key], 1818â€"93, Confederate general, b. St. Bernard parish, La., grad. West Point, 1838. As engineer on the staff of Winfield Scott in the Mexican War, he figured prominently in the taking of Mexico City. He later did engineering work in Louisiana, and for five days in Jan., 1861, he was superintendent of West Point. Beauregard, resigning from the army in February, was soon made a Confederate brigadier general and was given command at Charleston, where he ordered the firing on Fort Sumter . Assuming command of the army in NE Virginia (June), he was second in command to J. E. Johnston at the first battle of Bull Run (July 16, 1861) and was promoted to full general. He was sent to the West in 1862 and succeeded to the command of the Army of Tennessee upon the death of A. S. Johnston at the battle of Shiloh . Ill health and friction with Jefferson Davis, whom he had criticized after Bull Run, resulted in his removal from command. A fter a rest he was charged with the defense of the South Carolina and Georgia coast, which he ably held against Union attacks, particularly those on Charleston in 1863. In May, 1864, Beauregard reinforced Lee in Virginia. He defeated B. F. Butler at Drewry's Bluff and held Petersburg against Grant until Lee arrived. In the closing months of the war he was in the Carolinas with J. E. Johnston. After the war Beauregard was a railroad president, manager of the Louisiana state lottery, and for many years adjutant general of that state. His superior engineering abilities overshadowed his deficiencies as a field commander. See his Mexican War reminiscences ed. by T. H. Williams (1956, repr. 1969); A. Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard (1884); biographies by H. Basso (1933) and T. H. Williams (1955). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biogr aphies

Design Strategy Of Obamas Campaign - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2281 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction To what extent did the design strategy of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Research methods Interview the creative director of the campaign to gain a concise overview of what was required of the design team. Find out any specific communication strategies that might have been imposed on them and explore the reasons behind their design choices (colors, fonts, use of imagery, layouts etc). Investigate if any strategic marketing techniques were used to promote Obama the same way a mass consumption product would be sold. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Design Strategy Of Obamas Campaign" essay for you Create order Research all journals, dissertations and articles relating to the topic of political campaign strategies, design strategies, and communication techniques. Search news articles for pundit reviews and opinions of campaign success and current backlash. Conduct a thorough analysis of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Designing Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ book that contains the entire design strategy used by Scott Thomas. Limitations of study Due to the fact that this is a very recent event the amount of detailed and concise publications based on the topic are scarce. The bulk of the research will have to rely on Internet sources of news articles, pundit blogs and a search for relevant dissertations published by the academic community. Organization of the dissertation To what extent did the design strategy of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Answered via the following arguments: Social landscape of America conducive to political advertising Cult of personality formation via harnessing of mass media Misleading and subliminal influence of design Expectations of the public too high from ambiguous and contradictory communication Main Body Setting the scene America in 2008 was not the beacon of hope it had once been. There was rising unemployment and a financial crisis that had brought the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy crashing down. Poverty was increasing rapidly and people were loosing homes due to foreclosures. The country was massively unhappy that America was still participating in the Afghanistan conflict and to top it all, there had been 8 years under the Bush administration that had seen its lowest approval ratings of all time (below 40%). Running parallel to this was an America that had become so utterly saturated by marketing that this was one of the only facets of communication people would respond to (research to prove this?). Describe the average american experience? (how often they see ads, how well they respond). The huge obsession with celebrity culture in combination with the growing global social networks had made it too easy to give rise to a cult of personality. America was begging for change at this point, which left them susceptible to intelligent marketing and design strategies. It was against this backdrop that in the run up to the 2008 Presidential Election support and enthusiasm for Obama was increasing at a dramatic rate culminating in a frenzy by the time of his victory and inauguration in January 2009. Building trust through consistent design From the very beginning of the campaign the design team knew they would have to subdue the public perception of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inexperience via his visual presentation. The strategy used was to implement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the timelessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s already president feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo) into his brand image. The use of consistency was vital as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one thing that design can solve with consistency is [to] establishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a sense of balanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it can also reallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦give the visual impression that heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s incredibly experienced.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo). fig1. Expert use of consistency in the visual communication makes Obama seem organized, experienced and competent. Thomas (2010, p. 78) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Because of their evocative power, design and branding elements can create a stable bond between voters and the candidateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we wanted to elicit the feeling that he was a familiar figure whose attributes and values they could relate to and trust.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Talk about logo, consistent branding, Thomas (2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"You can use good design and to a certain degree it blurs the lines a bit.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Another strategy to distract from Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inexperience was to emphasize how historic the campaign was. Rather than simply stating this in the communication the entire aesthetic was designed around old archival materials. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"We wanted to pull from imagery of the past to communicate the historic nature of the campaignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo). fig2. Certain information was designed using real historical documents found in local archives for an authentic vintage feel. This strategy not only highlighted the importance of the campaign but also using imagery that resembled historical documents, like the original declaration of independence, elicited a sense of patriotism and American sentiment, which could have a strong subliminal effect. Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cult of personality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized and heroic public imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Wikipedia, 2008). By the end of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign it was clear that this was beginning to become reality. Imagery of Obama appeared in galleries, on billboards and around the city as street art or graffiti, the vast majority of it in full support of him. In addition there were huge varieties of Obama merchandise being sold by independent street vendors all over the country. Social networks were buzzing with his name, independent bloggers were watching his every move and grassroots events, using the same Obama visual design for flyers and posters, were happening on a daily basis. Even though the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"visual tapestry of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that had been weaved across the country was a collaborative effort from hundreds of individual contributors outside the reach of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"br and controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it still maintained high levels of visual consistency. This was due to the highly efficient and transparent branding principles that required only the use of the Obama logo and typeface to make any visual production appear part of the overall marketing strategy. To a rock solid and seasoned democratic or republican supporter the choice of political candidate would still have been easy. But for a younger or less convicted voter with no solid viewpoint (research suggests there are more and more of these people) they could be susceptible to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"communication based on persuasion in which voters, lacking enduring political convictions, are induced to support a particular candidate or party at election time.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Swanson, 2004). This would be particularly effective given the cult of personality bestowed upon Obama by the media coverage of him and from his rock star status fuelled by regular endorsements from celebrities and musicians. fig3. Obama featured in a music video by the black eyed peas that turned his slogan into an anthem It is possible that due to this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Obama frenzyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ it had become fashionable to be an Obama supporter and the thought of not voting for a candidate that was fresh, young, creative, energetic, and whose very ideals were adorning the city, seemed worthy of ridicule. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cause youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll be real embarrassed if he won and you wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t down with ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Chris Rock) Leverage of technology to increase reach Vote for Obama à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" making the voting process easy should in practice enable all the people with clear convictions to vote for the candidate they know they want. In reality it allows undecided voters to choose a candidate they may not really believe in but vote anyway via peer pressure, cult of personality, ease of use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wht not?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ This results in inaccurate assumptions of public opinion being drawn from the poll. Transparency of brand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all brand assets available for download so anyone can create visuals that resemble the official Obama brand material. This creates a sense of solidarity with the brand. And the subsequent result is an impression that the brand is literally everywhere as the entire grassroots movement is branded and appears to be part of the overall design strategy. Boundary destruction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" versatility of the logo allows it to be tailored to any group who want to be associated with Obama or simply show their support. The broken boundaries create a sense of solidarity and add to the impression of world wide brand saturation. A False Revolution In order to allow the global community of artists to contribute, the campaign team initiated the Artists For Obama poster series. According to Thomas (2010, p. 127) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[the] idea was to invite artists to participate in the creation of a new kind of campaign poster, one that would be the expression of the individual artist rather than a reiteration of campaign materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The first contribution to this initiative was a poster by Shepard Fairey and to many, his invitation seemed counter intuitive. He is a well-known street artist who has built his fame on defacing public buildings and creating work with huge anti-establishment connotations. His campaign poster has been deemed the most iconic image of Obama ever created, yet ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unclear if the visual of Obama above the word HOPE was intended to be ironic. fig4. A contrast between Shepard Faireyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s previous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anti-establishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aesthetic and the Obama poster. To most people this poster symbolized the revolution that was coming but considering the lost enthusiasm following Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presidency the question is if this powerful image created a false anticipation of revolution in the minds of the American people. Thomas (2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve kind of heard that tone, whereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Shepard Faireyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s posterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦had this very anti-establishment aesthetic that could have played into the minds of those that thought this was going to be a revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦changing Washington DC from the inside out.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Since the Obama frenzy has subsided it is clear that the revolution people were hoping for hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happened. In an interview with the National Journal, Shepard Fairey commented on his plan to contribute work to help Obama in 2012 but stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"he couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t design the same Hope poster today, because the spirit of the Obama campaign hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t carried over to the Obama presidency.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Madhani, 2010). Misleading and subliminal imagery In June 2008 the Obama design team created a seal to be displayed on his lectern that very closely resembled the Presidential seal. This caused controversy in the media and when Steven Heller ask Scott Thomas to name the most heated design battle of the campaign à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Thomas brought up the infamous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“presidential sealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? debacleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Kessler, B. 2008). fig5. Obama in front of the controversial custom presidential seal with Latin slogan saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yes we canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Imagery such as Obama standing in front of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"presidential lookingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ seal before he is president can have subtle subliminal effects. It implies that he has already won before the election has taken place and can be a powerful persuasive device if used strategically. Sol Sender, the designer of the Obama logo suggested à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"although the presidential seal was used by the campaign only briefly,  seeing Obama-the-candidate standing behind that familiar regal  eagle had a lingering effect  in the minds of votersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Kessler, B. 2008). In addition to this the voters have been subject to rock solid consistency in the visual communication that has solidified the Obama brand deep in their subconscious minds. Ambiguous communication From the outset of the campaign the three keywords used to inspire the nation were Hope, Change and Progress, which were the three ideas that the American people were so desperately seeking in 2008 Thomas (2010, p. 78)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢our strategy would not have worked if Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s message hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t rung so true and hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t resonated so deeply with the American publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These words however inspiring are somewhat ambiguous unless the exact implementation of each is explained but this was rarely the case when used by Obama. Regardless of this, they became woven into the visual language of the campaign to the point that the word Hope had become synonymous with Obama. A news reporter commented about an Obama rally he witnessed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Obama almost never got into specifics. It was change, change, save the country, change, yes we can, changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Wendel, J. 2008). people are VERY focused on Obama and dont really know much about what he stands for(Wendel, J. 2008). Conclusion Where are we now? A downward spiral of disappointment, anger and lost enthusiasm swiftly followed and continued to the end of 2010. Senate elections in November saw the Republicans taking back the House, and many of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were rejected by the American public (most notably the healthcare reform suffered a 59% opposition). In addition to this, his approval rating had fallen from 65% in 2009 to 45% in 2010. The reason for such a huge turnaround in public opinion after Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monumental success can be attributed to two possibilities. Either the American public developed and overzealous expectation of Obama and his intentions based on the strategic design of the campaign, or they were not as open to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as they seemed to imply. Either way it is clear that something must have caused this huge inversion to occur. Talk about how it is clear that design contributed to both a distorted view of what the public really wanted and how Obama was perceived to be something more than he actually was in reality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"There were many Americans seduced by the feel good Madison Avenue campaign of Obama, but the trouble with hype is that after all the BS, you must be able to produce something, four years is a long time to run on hypeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(flopping aces) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Independents and Democrats are admitting to themselves that the Obama image [created] is nothing more than an allusion that they wanted to believe, against common sense.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (flopping aces) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the campaigns are now so intricate and so all consuming that the ability it takes to win a campaign is not the same skill set to govern and are we raising a generation of leaders that can win campaigns but not adequately govern?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (john steward, daily show).

The Color Purple By Alice Walker Essay - 1217 Words

From the 1980 s to the present, African-American queer authors have progressively discarded their shame in order embark on sexual liberation. In considering Alice Walker s The Color Purple, Cheryl Duyne s The Watermelon Woman, and Ross Gay s Unabashed Catalogue of Gratitude, it is clear that these authors show a progressively unashamed embrace of same-sex desires while considering their position in the African American community. In the novel The Color Purple, Alice Walker spoke quite prudently of homosexuality itself. The Color Purple fought against the oppression in a way where African American and LGBTQ community were scrutinized in the American society. At a time where African Americans were being racially segregated and discriminated against, the term homosexual was beyond far fetch and this was evidently shown in her novel. This was apparent as her two characters carried on a secret affair. For example, the romantic relationship between Celie and Shug Avery. Walker illustrates two remarkable friends through the course of their sexual relationship created an extraordinary bond with resulted in a discovery of selfless love. The sexual relationship between Celie and Shug was vaguely unique for its time because it’s seen however barely mentioned. As noted, the moment Shug guards the door and afraid to get caught by Mr__, as Celie masturbates for the very first time. And the very moment Harpo and Mr__ approaches, Celie states â€Å"and I yank up my drawers and yankShow MoreRelatedThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1355 Words   |  6 PagesDecember, 2015 Just A Single Purple Wildflower In A Field Of Weeds Alice walker once said, â€Å"No person is your friend (or kin) who demands your silence, or denies your right to grow and be perceived as fully blossomed as you were intended. Or who belittles in any fashion the gifts you labor so to bring into the world.† The color purple has timelessly been used to convey pictures of power and ambition, it is also associated with the feeling of independence. The Color Purple is the story of the constantRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker710 Words   |  3 PagesThe Series of unfortunate events in The Color Purple The Color Purple by Alice Walker starts off with a rather graphic view of a young black woman denominated as Celie. Celie has to learn how to survive her abusive past. She also has to figure out a way she can release her past in search of the true meaning of love. Alice walker wrote this book as an epistolary novel to further emphasize Celie`s life events. From the beginning of the novel Alice Walker swiftly establishes an intimate contact withRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 Pagesas a novel containing graphic violence, sexuality, chauvinism, and racism, The Color Purple was banned in numerous schools across the United States. Crude language, brutality, and explicit detail chronicle the life of Celie, a young black woman exposed to southern society’s harshness. While immoral, the events and issues discussed in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple remain pervasive in today’s society. The Color Purple epitomizes the hardships that African A mericans faced at the turn of the centuryRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker675 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world exist for their own reasons. They were not made for humans any more than black people were made for white, or women created for men.† Straight from the mouth of Alice Walker this quote was spoken in order to point out that fact that none of God’s creatures were put on this Earth to be someone else’s property. Alice Walker is an African-American novelist and poet who took part in the 1960’s civil rights movement in Mississippi. Walkers creative vision was sparked by the financial sufferingRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker921 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker’s realistic novel, The Color Purple revolves around many concerns that both African American men and women faced in an era, where numerous concerns of discrimination were raised. Religious and gender issues are confronted by the main characters which drive the plot and pa int a clear image of what life may possibly have been like inside an African American home. Difficulties were faced by each and every character specifically Celie and Nettie who suffered heavy discrimination throughoutRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1540 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker is an award winning   author, most famously recognized for her novel   The Color Purple ;aside from being a novelist Walker is also a poet,essayist and activist .Her writing explores various social aspects as it concerns women and also celebrates political as well as social revolution. Walker has gained the reputation of being a prominent spokesperson and a symbolic figure for black feminism. Proper analyzation   of Walker s work comes from the   knowledge on her early life, educationalRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker3360 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender† (Yahwon). Alice Walker views herself as a womanist. Although a womanist and feminist are similar, the two terms are not exactly the same. According to Professor Tamara Baeouboeuf-Lafonant: [Womanism] focuses on the experiences and knowledge bases of black women [which] recognizes and interrogates the social realities of slavery, segregation, sexism, and economic exploitation this group has experienced during its history in the United States. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Color Purple by Alice Walker is a story written in 1982 that is about the life struggles of a young African American woman named Celie. The novel takes the reader through several main topics including the poor treatment of African American women, domestic abuse, family relationships, and also religion. The story takes place mostly in rural Georgia in the early 1900’s and demonstrates the difficult life of sharecropper families. Specifically how life was endured from the perspective of an AfricanRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker926 Words   |  4 PagesThe award-winning novel, â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker, is a story about a woman going through cruel things such as: incest, rape, and physical abuse. This greatly written novel comes from a very active feminist author who used many of her own experiences, as well as things that were happening during that era, in her writing. â€Å"The Color Purple† takes place in the early 1900s, and symbolizes the economic, emotional, and social deprivation that African American women faced in Southern statesRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Color Purple, is a novel written by the American author Alice Walker. The novel won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and is also regarded to be her most successful piece of work. It has developed into an award winning film and was recently made into a Broadway play. The story continues to impress readers throughout the decades due to its brutal honesty. The novel successfully and truthfully demonstrates what life was like for black women during the early twentieth century. The book discusses

Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline Free Essays

string(133) " five forces that can be used to analyze a company’s \(for instance GlaxoSmithKline\) framework and business strategy development\." Abstract GlaxoSmithKline is an English pharmaceutical, vaccine, biologics, and consumer healthcare company with its headquarters in Brentford, London. The establishment of this company was as a result of the 2000 merger between Glaxo Wellcome plc with SmithKline Beecham plc. Going by the 2009 prescription drug sales recorded across the nation, it is the fourth largest pharmaceutical company by ranking (Robson, 2013, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline or any similar topic only for you Order Now 63). As of July 2012, it was ranked fifth among the FTSE 100 companies with a market capitalization of ?74.8 billion. The company, also a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Anon., 2003, p. 785). The company has had to face ardent competition from such rivals as Pfizer and Sanofi especially following the July 2012 guilty plea to criminal incriminations in the USA due to the marketing of the company’s antidepressants- both Wellbutrin and Paxil- for unauthorized uses, failure to report safety data on Avandia and wrongful sales and marketing of Advair (BBC, 2012; Thomas Schmidt, 2012). The total fine for these charges was an astounding $3 billion. Introduction Competition is an important aspect in the business world. Every organization wants to dominate the global market and become a market leader and trendsetter by beating its competitors through the production of higher quality, as well as superior, products. Market domination entirely depends on customers’ trust towards an organization and the services or products it offers. Various forces play a role in the determination of the success of an organization and the type of rapport that it creates with the clients and customers. Providing quality products at affordable prices should be considered in order to achieve advantage in the global market (Armstrong, 2011, p. 45). In addition, an organization needs to evaluate its strength and weakness for efficient operations. Such considerations and evaluations are imperative in the formulation of plans, goals and objectives since they aid in defining the successes or failures of a company in the market in relation to its competitors. This report is based on the SWOT and PORTER analysis of GlaxoSmithKline; considering its strengths and weaknesses that aid or hinder it from competing within its industry effectively. GlaxoSmithKline SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis technique can be used to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses of GlaxoSmithKline (Armstrong, 2011, p. 46). The environmental opportunities and strengths facing GlaxoSmithKline can also be identified using the SWOT analysis technique. A good technique is one that maximizes on the company’s opportunities and strengths, and minimizes on its threat and weaknesses. Highlighting these key aspects of the company not only aids in the portrayal of it s market position, as wells help to explain on the reasons for this position, but also it provides a platform for the evaluation of the various steps and plans that can be effected to improve on market performance in terms of sales and revenues (Anon., 2011, p. 32). Strengths of GlaxoSmithKline The vast resources and funds available to the company enable it to employ a strong sales and marketing team. The strong sales and marketing infrastructure of GlaxoSmithKline positions it to be the marketing choice for customers. This is on the back of vigorous marketing and public relations campaigns undertaken by the company through print and tele-visual media. Apart from being one of the world’s top 5 pharmaceutical companies (Torun, 2007, p 2), it is also UK’s biggest funder and investor in research and development. It has dominated the chemistry industry through efficient resource utilization and manufacturing. It has over 97000 employees who effectively focus on and explore new markets (Healy Palepu, 2010, p. 54). Consequently, this has continued to play as a major strength for the company, especially after the criminal charges faced in the USA, through which it has embarked on sales, marketing and public relations efforts. Weaknesses of GlaxoSmithKline Increased productivity leads to numerous cases of expired bulk-buster products. Issues of safety of drugs used by customers raise controversies for the company’s image. Research and development strategies may also fail to deliver the required expectation. These are no different problems that the company has had to battle through the years. Owing to the mass production it engages in, the company has, time and again had to call back some of the products due to quality, quantity or even expiry date issues (Anon., 2011, p. 58; Bass, 2008, p. 89). This has served a major blow to the company’s efforts by denting its record and public image. Opportunities for GlaxoSmithKline It has the opportunity to move into oncology market, biologics, segments and specific antibodies specialization. The opportunity to facilitate potential mergers and acquisitions through its strong cash flow position is highly advantageous. In addition, there has also been increased awareness and demand for healthcare solutions globally. The company was established through a merger of various smaller companies (Anon., 2011, p. 2). As a result, it has continued to develop top-notch laboratories while simultaneously amassing vast amounts of resources, funds and wealth. This serves as an epic opportunity for it to exploit to expand into new markets and products and also force through mergers, acquisitions, as well amalgamations for it to expand its operations and clients’ base (GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d.). Threats for GlaxoSmithKline There is high risk of unsuccessful new products due to inadequate awareness of consumers. Environmental regulations have become more strict, precise and exacting nowadays. The possibility of economic slowdown in markets in European countries poses significant threats. The company has also been constantly facing the threat of new conventional forms of medicine, herbal medicine, which has been proven to be more effective and has lesser side effects (Jarvis, 2006, p. 14). The fact that the company has started exhibiting complacency in its operations due to the synonymous market leadership it holds also serves as a chief threat as explicated in the USA where new drugs were introduced without following all the rules (Robson, 2013, p. 55). GlaxoSmithKline’s PORTER Analysis The PORTER analysis constitutes five forces that can be used to analyze a company’s (for instance GlaxoSmithKline) framework and business strategy development. You read "Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline" in category "Essay examples" The five forces considered include bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, rivalry with competitors, and threats of substitutes and new entrants (Dhar, 2008, pp 17). These forces are imperative in the analysis of the existing competitive intensity in a market since a company, in this case GlaxoSmithKline, is able to determine how competitors are acting and thus the attractiveness of this market. For GlaxoSmithKline, the market is very lucrative as attested to by the huge number of profits raked in annually. This in turn implies that the possibility of new entrants into the market is very high and the company has to be constantly monitoring how it responds to competitors activities to maintain its market position (Torun, 2 007, p. 34). Threats of New Entrants for GlaxoSmithKline The cost required to enter the pharmaceutical market is quite high due to extensive research and development needed in the industry. As a result, GlaxoSmithKline has limited worry due to threats of new entrants. The government impacts strict rules to companies wishing to enter the drugs industry. High chances of products expiry act as barriers to new entrants. GlaxoSmithKline has also established a strong brand name with customers thereby eliminating several competitors (Torun, 2007, p. 45). However, the profitability of this market has in the recent past attracted myriads of smaller firms into the industry. This has been mainly through the formation of bigger corporations through mergers, acquisitions and amalgamations of smaller firms. Eventually, GlaxoSmithKline will have to deal with these new developments in order to capitalize on the robust brand name it has built and counter the threat of new entrants into the market (Anon., 2011, p. 99). Threat of Substitutes for GlaxoSmithKline Generic brand medication is the main substitution for pharmaceutical companies like GlaxoSmithKline. Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is one of the products substitute to GlaxoSmithKline (Reuters, 2010). These substitutes deliver same products to customers except that they use different brand names and prices. These new forms of contemporary medicine are a major threat for this company since they have been found to be much safer and cheaper in comparison to conventional medicine (Healy Palepu, 2010, p. 77). For this reason, GlaxoSmithKline faces a major threat with the increased proliferation of this form of medicine. Bargaining Power of Buyers in GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline spends most of its research and development techniques to produce high quality and transparent products. As a result, there is a small significant threat of buyers to GlaxoSmithKline. Major consumers of their products include patients, doctors, hospitals, pharmacists and other healthcare facilities (GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d.). The power of buyers is small considering their numbers in the market. The fact that GlaxoSmithKline is also among the top pharmaceutical companies globally has cemented this fact by availing funds, latest forms of technology and manpower to the company. Buyers, therefore, do not pose any threat to the company for they have limited bargaining power. Being an oligopolistic form of market, sellers, such as GlaxoSmithKline, control the prices in the industry (Bass, 2008, p. 67). Bargaining Power of Suppliers in GlaxoSmithKline The main suppliers include raw materials and labor providers, study staff, clinical officers, and investigators of production, distribution and marketing (Jarvis, 2006, p. 87). They can easily impose huge threats to GlaxoSmithKline by withholding or reducing the quality of supplies. GlaxoSmithKline has a clean history of treating their suppliers well by meeting their demands. The company also offers excellent remuneration to it employees. The company maintains a clean record in meeting all contractual requirements and terms with its suppliers (Griffin, 2012, p. 45). This has rendered it in pole position in dictating terms with its suppliers. Thence, suppliers wield minimal bargaining power, quashing the threat of altogether. GlaxoSmithKline’s Rivalry with Competitors Government policies and regulations in pharmaceutical industries are strict thereby limiting number of competitors. The large industry size enables GlaxoSmithKline to prosper without necessarily stealing the market from other competitors (Bass, 2008, p. 23; Thomas Schmidt, 2012). Pharmaceutical industries grow rapidly thereby generating quicker revenue and in the long run reducing competition. Due to this, GlaxoSmithKline uses planning and foresight to position itself for long term success in the world of competition. Furthermore, pharmaceutical industry requires costly extensive research and development techniques which limit number of competitors (Torun, 2007, p. 32). Conclusion and Recommendations Gaining advantages in the world of competition requires high quality product delivery using appropriate techniques. GlaxoSmithKline, for example, should focus to eliminate its weaknesses and threats so as to achieve competitive advantages. They should do this by improving their strengths and taking great advantages in their opportunities. They should organize several campaigns that address issues of security and safety of drug use through media and internets. Production of adequate (but not excess) products reduces high chances of products expiries. Highly qualified personnel in the field of research and development will ensure required expectation in researches. To combat the problem of Europe’s economic slowdown, they should focus on global production by extending their market all over the world. The cost used to improve these recommendations can easily be recovered from high profits achieved from sales of new improved products. To summarize, GlaxoSmithKline should add these recommendations to their strategies hence enable them compete effectively in the pharmaceutical market. Reference List Anon., 2003. About GlaxoSmithKline. Nature, 422(6933), pp. 783-800. Anon., 2011. GlaxoSmithKline Case Study Through Mergers Acquisitions to Success.. 1st ed. S.l.: Datamonitor Plc. Armstrong, M., 2011. Armstrong’s handbook of strategic human resource management. 5th ed. London: Kogan Page. Bass, A., 2008. Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial,. 1st ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. BBC, 2012. GlaxoSmithKline to pay $3bn in US drug fraud scandal. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18673220 [Accessed 11 February 2014]. GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d. What we do. [Online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html [Accessed 11 February 2014]. Griffin, R. W., 2012. Fundamentals of management. 6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Healy, P. M. Palepu, K. G., 2010. Business analysis and valuation: IFRS edition, text only. 2nd ed. Hampshire [etc.: Thomson. Jarvis, L., 2006. BIOPHARMACEUTICALS GlaxoSmithKline Forges Into Biologies. Chemical Engineering News, 84(51), p. 14. Reuters, 2010. FACTBOX-The 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. [Online] Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/26/pharmaceutical-mergers-idUSN2612865020100326 [Accessed 10 February 2014]. Robson, K., 2013. Service-ability create a customer centric culture and gain competitive advantage. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Thomas, K. Schmidt, M. S., 2012. Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraud-settlement.html?_r=0 [Accessed 10 February 2014]. Torun, F., 2007. Novartis – an internal scanning of a pharmaceutical company. 1st ed. Munchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. How to cite Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline, Essay examples

Business Law and Ethics Napster Case free essay sample

Table of content Table of content pages Introduction.. 1 The internet piracy Napster case and other peer to peer system.. 1-3 What should be done to stop internet piracy or make it useful for companies 3-4 Conclusion. References 5 INTRODUCTION During the year 2000 a very big controversial case was judged in the northern district court of California in the united state of America . several recording companies were suing a company known as Napster for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement under the US digital millennium copyright act (DMCA). Napster was created by Shawn fanning and Sean parker in 1999. It was basically a peer to peer system, a peer to peer system is a system which allows internet users to share directly files rather than use a website or a directory in the case of Napster it was a peer to peer system specializes only on mp3 music. This system made it easy for user to download copies of songs that were otherwise very difficult to obtain. This system was a real problem for the recording company because people obtained latest songs without spending any money and that was a huge lost for the artist and the recording companies that what leads the Napster case to the court. A copyright refers to the laws that regulate the use of the work of a creator such as an artist or an author. This includes copying, distributing, altering and displaying creative, literary and other types of work. Unless written on a contract, the author of a work detains the copyright of his work. Copyright infringement is the unauthorized or unlicensed copying of a work subject to copyright and that is what Napster have been accused of. Napster defence was based on the fact that it was just a peer to peer system so its role was just to link users who wanted to share songs and that they did not stock any music in their system so they were not responsible for copyright infringement even with this argument Napster lost the case and shut down in 2001. The Napster case shows how it is easy nowadays to access to music illegally through the internet without spending any money. The real question here is how to stop this type of activity, what should be employed to stop them and try to keep the internet more secure for the copyright holders. THE INTERNET PIRACY NAPSTER CASE AND OTHER PEER TO PEER SYSTEM Piracy is acquired something illegally. In this case it is about acquired illegally an intellectual property. An intellectual property is a skill or knowledge owned by an individual. We can determine three types of intellectual the first one is creative works, including music, written material, movies, and software, which are protected by copyright law; the second one is inventions, which are protected by patent law; and the third one is brand-name products, which are protected by trademarks. Most of the problems about piracy have to do with the difference between intellectual and physical property. A CD, for example, is a physical property, but the songs on the CD are intellectual property. A customer in a record store can purchase a CD, but someone else still owns—or more precisely, has the copyright to—the songs on the CD. Piracy is a huge issue for the entertainment and software companies and usually piracy involves violation of the copyright law. Copyright is a legal right that protects creative works from being reproduced, performed, or disseminated without permission of the copyright owner. Essentially, a copyright gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of the material in question. Physical piracy involves the copying and the sale of all sort of hard copy like CD, DVD, or videotapes. It is a huge lost for the industry of music over $4 billion a year in the entire world and the film industry as well more than $3. 5 billion. These numbers do not factor in the growing (and difficult to measure) problem of Internet piracy, in which music and movies are transferred to digital format and copies are made of the resulting computer file. Journalist Charles C. Mann explains why Internet piracy has the potential to be vastly more damaging to copyright industries than does physical piracy: To make and distribute a dozen copies of a videotaped film requires at least two videocassette recorders, a dozen tapes, padded envelopes and postage, and considerable patience. And because the copies are tapes of tapes, the quality suffers. But if the film has been digitized into a computer file, it can be E-mailed to millions of people in minutes; because strings of zeroes and ones can be reproduced with absolute fidelity, the copies are perfect. And online pirates have no development costs—they don’t even have to pay for paper or blank cassettes—so they don’t really have a bottom line. Internet piracy was not a problem until the Napster gained the attention in 1999. Napster was created by a college student names Shawn fanning in 1999 it was a service which enable users to share digital music files over the internet. This system used a technology called peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-peer network help the users to link their computers to others computers over the network and share files. Users linked to Napster were able to share files with other and download music from almost any other computer present on the network. Napster claimed to have over 20 million users in July 2000, all of them making copies of each others’ music. By that time, Napster became the centre of a controversy about online file sharing. Part of Napster’s appeal was intertwined with the novelty of digital music: Many technically inclined people enjoyed using computer programs to organize their music collections and also liked being able to â€Å"burn† their own CD mixes. But the truly unprecedented aspect of Napster was that it gave users convenient access to a seemingly unlimited selection of music—for free. A lot of fans and users of Napster did not consider the download of music as piracy; they said that Napster was just helping them to share files and not steal them. They also stated that Napster permitted to independent musician to become well known. A teenager quoted in a June 2000 Newsweek feature on Napster summed up the typical view: â€Å"People don’t think it’s anything bad. . . . Or think about it at all. Meanwhile, the creators of Napster claimed that they were not responsible for what users did with their software. The music industry disagreed. â€Å"What Napster is doing threatens legitimate E-commerce models and is legally and morally wrong,† said Hilary Rosen, then-president of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the trade group that represents the U. S. music industry. Several record la bels filed suit against Napster in December 1999, and after months of hearings, Napster was eventually shut down in July 2001. To the frustration of the music industry, other file-sharing services emerged to take Napster’s place. ome did not get the success of Napster but others like such as Scour, Grokster, Morpheus, and Audio galaxy, were targeted by copyright-infringement lawsuits. In late 2003 one of the most popular file-sharing services was Kazaa. Although Kazaa and other file-sharing services allow users to share movie files and software as well as music, the music industry has led the fight against online file sharing. The RIAA and other organizations representing the music industry blame online file sharing for the 26 percent fall in global CD sales that occurred between 1999 and 2003. Many factors, including a sluggish economy and a lack of exciting pop music releases may be responsible for the decline, but as reporters Kenneth Terrell and Seth Rosen note, â€Å"digital piracy undoubtedly plays a role. † Kazaa is directed by Sharman Networks which is locates on Vanuatu a south pacific island and is thus less bound by U. S laws. Kazaa and others like him use decentralized peer-to-peer networks than Napster did and therefore are more difficult to eliminate they can’t be stopped by just closing some servers like they did for Napster. Because of that the music companies focus now on individual file sharer than the peer to peer networks they use. In April 2003, for example, the recording industry sued four university students in federal court, accusing them of making thousands of songs available online for illegal downloading over P2P networks. The RIAA took a much larger step in September 2003, when it filed lawsuits against hundreds of Kazaa users, threatening them with penalties of thousands of dollars per copyrighted work that was shared online. We’ve been telling people for a long time that file sharing copyrighted music is illegal, that you are not anonymous when you do it, and that engaging in it can have real consequences,† said RIAA president Cary Sherman. She added, â€Å"Nobody likes playing the heavy and having to resort to litigation, but when your product is being regularly stolen, there comes a time when you have to take appropriate action. † The RIAA proposed to drop the lawsuits if the accused promised to stop sharing copyrighted music online. he file of these lawsuits was possible because of The June 2003 court ruling that said that Internet service providers (ISPs) were legally obligated to reveal the names of alleged file sharers. But in December 2003 the U. S Court of appeals for the district of Columbia circuit change the ruling saying that ISP are not forced to reveal the identities of their customers. However the ruling does not make file sharing legal but seriously stop the music companies’ of targeting individual file sharers. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO STOP THE INTERNET PIRACY OR TO MAKE IT USEFUL FOR THE COMPANIES. Many critics of the music industry’s hard-line stance against online file sharing have argued that record companies need to embrace digital music. Some legal online store like Itunes started to sell song and many people buy these song this suggest many people are ready to pay for the services these companies offer. Digital music sales may therefore offer a partial fix for the music industry’s woes. However, despite the efforts to fight it and the alternatives that are being offered, online file sharing remains rampant. An estimated 2. billion music files are downloaded through P2P networks each month, and more than four hundred thousand movies are downloaded each day. These figures will probably rise as computers become more powerful and broadband Internet access becomes more widespread. The augmentation on file sharing on the internet show how new technologies bring huge issues for copyright law. With the internet and the new computers information can now circulate eas ily than before, but all the copyright system depends of the ability from the copyright holders to control the transmission of information principally control who can access and use their work. The defender of internet file sharing think that since internet completely changed the access to information the law need to change as well. John Perry Barlow, a cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, has argued that â€Å"copyright’s not about creation, which will happen anyway—it’s about distribution. † Applying this view to online music sharing, a few defenders of online sharing files say that copyright law is not designed to protect musicians because these one do not spend a lot of money to create song ,but copyright law serve record companies, who invest a lot of money to produce thousands of CDs. Record companies, according to this logic, benefit society by helping to distribute creators’ work, and the law should enable them to make a profit in doing so. But, the argument goes, since the Internet has made transmitting information almost free and thus made CDs largely unnecessary as a means of distributing music, record companies are no longer necessary—and neither are the laws that make copying songs illegal. CONCLUSION The idea that the internet made or will make copyright law unnecessary is very present nowadays especially with the venue of the online sharing system if some people think this practice should be banned other think that the recording companies should integrated this system and make it profitable for them and it was the case for apple with the iTunes system, however piracy is still present and continue to grow so the real issue here is to find an effective solution to protect intellectual or other properties because at the moment it is not the case. eferences www. internet-law-library. com www. findlaw. com law and internet third edition, by Lilian Edwards and Charlotte Waelde, 2009

Atomic Bomb Use essays

Atomic Bomb Use essays In 1945, the world was changed forever by the first use of the atomic bomb against civilians. This may have been the single most defining event in the twentieth century. Now, the world really could be potentially destroyed, and one false move by government officials could mean the end. This new brand of warfare was first used by the United States against the Japanese in an effort to end the war between the two nations. Yet was the use of this bomb really necessary? This question alone raises several other questions, and this essay will deal with a few specific ones, using Gar Alperovitzs novel The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb as a source. First, why did the United States drop the atomic bomb on the residents of two Japanese cities? According to proponents of the bomb, the reason was to end the war against the Japanese. However, Japan was already in deep trouble as it was. The country was running out of agricultural and industrial power by 1945, and its leaders were starting to accept the reality that they would not be able to win the war. On page 334, Aplerovitz notes that Henry H. Arnold stated in his memoirs that it always appeared to us, atomic bomb or no atomic bomb, the Japanese were already on the verge of collapse. One exception to Japanese surrender was that they wanted to keep their form of government, but the fact that the United States was not clear on the terms of surrender delayed the whole process. All these factors seem to show that Japan would probably have surrendered without the use of the bomb. In fact, several advisors to Truman have said that a mere demonstration of the bomb would probably have done the trick. L. Louis Strauss, the soon to be president of the Atomic Energy Commission, proposed that, the weapon should be demonstrated over some area accessible to the Japanese observers, where its effects would be dramatic (Alperovitz, pg. 332). Yet Truman still decid...

Free Essays on Powering Veitnam

The Vietnam War The Vietnam War is truly one of the most unique wars ever fought by the Unites States of by any country. It was never officially declared a war (Knowll, 3). It had no official beginning nor an official end. It was fought over 10,000 miles away in a virtually unknown country. The enemy and the allies looked exactly the alike, and may by day be a friend but by night become an enemy (Aaseng 113). It matched the tried and true tactics of World War Two against a hide, run, and shoot technique known as "Guerrilla Warfare." It matched some of the best trained soldiers in the world against largely an untrained militia of untrained farmers. The United States’ soldiers had at least a meal to look forward to unlike the Communist Vietnamese soldiers who considered a fine cuisine to be cold rice and, if lucky, rat meat. The Vietnam War matched the most technically advanced country with one of the least advanced, and the lesser advanced not only beat but humiliated the stron gest military in the world (Aaseng, 111). When the war was finally showing signs of end, the Vietnamese returned to a newly unified communist country while the United Stated soldiers returned to be called "baby killers", and were often spat upon. With the complexities of war already long overdrawn because of the length of the war it is no wonder the returning solders often left home confused and returned home insane. Through an examination of the Vietnam War, in particular an event know as the My Lai Massacre, and the people involved with both, it can be proven that when the threshold for violence of a person is met or exceeded, the resulting psychological scarring becomes the most prominent reason for war being hell. Although officially, the Vietnam Conflict had neither a beginning nor an end, for the purpose of this paper it can be best examined through the decade the United States was involved: February 6, 1965 - August 30, 1975. During World War Two the Frenc... Free Essays on Powering Veitnam Free Essays on Powering Veitnam The Vietnam War The Vietnam War is truly one of the most unique wars ever fought by the Unites States of by any country. It was never officially declared a war (Knowll, 3). It had no official beginning nor an official end. It was fought over 10,000 miles away in a virtually unknown country. The enemy and the allies looked exactly the alike, and may by day be a friend but by night become an enemy (Aaseng 113). It matched the tried and true tactics of World War Two against a hide, run, and shoot technique known as "Guerrilla Warfare." It matched some of the best trained soldiers in the world against largely an untrained militia of untrained farmers. The United States’ soldiers had at least a meal to look forward to unlike the Communist Vietnamese soldiers who considered a fine cuisine to be cold rice and, if lucky, rat meat. The Vietnam War matched the most technically advanced country with one of the least advanced, and the lesser advanced not only beat but humiliated the stron gest military in the world (Aaseng, 111). When the war was finally showing signs of end, the Vietnamese returned to a newly unified communist country while the United Stated soldiers returned to be called "baby killers", and were often spat upon. With the complexities of war already long overdrawn because of the length of the war it is no wonder the returning solders often left home confused and returned home insane. Through an examination of the Vietnam War, in particular an event know as the My Lai Massacre, and the people involved with both, it can be proven that when the threshold for violence of a person is met or exceeded, the resulting psychological scarring becomes the most prominent reason for war being hell. Although officially, the Vietnam Conflict had neither a beginning nor an end, for the purpose of this paper it can be best examined through the decade the United States was involved: February 6, 1965 - August 30, 1975. During World War Two the Frenc...

Political Development of Western Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Digital forensic incident response - Research Paper Example Digital forensic investigation is important for productive prosecution of the criminals who engage in digital crimes. It is also useful in recovery of misappropriated resources such as finances, important information and others. The investigators should therefore make sure that they obtain quality forensic evidence which the courts of law require in administering justice. As put forth by Selamat et.al (2008), digital forensic investigation is distinct from digital investigation in that the techniques and procedures that the investigator will use allow the output to be applied in a court of law. In this regard, the researcher ought to consider significant steps to carry out a successful forensic investigation. Our evidence is well hidden in images, codes, encrypted files, missing folders and files among others that need to be cracked so as to reveal the misappropriation. The investigator will collect information on: system sabotage; information related on attacks; hijacks on email; sensitive information; selective information on organized and unorganized crimes; cracking and hacking and other important information (International Journal of Advance Research, 2013). The fact that American Marketing Systems hav e suspected that there is something odd happening in the company provides the platform for investigation to verify the basis of these allegations, establish the culprits and reveal the procedures they are using to skim. In this paper, the investigator presents an extensive report of the existence of the skimming, the culprits and the procedure they use. The investigator will perform information analysis, network intrusion, examine malicious file. He will also use tools which have the ability to crack encrypted files and passwords. Most of forensic audit failure is as a result of lack of proper prior planning. Bearing this in mind, the investigator will spend quality time in planning on the devices which

The Status Of English In Pakistan English Language Essay

The Status Of English In Pakistan English Language Essay It is a fact that English is known as lingua franca all over the world. Most of the People communicate in English all over the world. Through this process, it is a natural phenomenon that many words of the local languages become part of the variety of English that is spoken in a specific region. This research aims at finding Urdu and other local words that have become part of the English language spoken in Pakistani culture. It is a study of Urdu and other local words that have become the part of English in everyday communication. For this study we have selected the language of newspaper as it represents the language in use. English daily the Dawn and the news were selected for this purpose as they are the most recognized and reliable newspaper in Pakistan. The paper elucidates that there are a large number of local words which are part of English due to many factors. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Newspapers have become the necessity of modern man. Most of the people start their day by reading the newspaper they cannot make up their morning without newspaper. This is the reason that newspapers have got their way all over the world. They are available in every language all over the world that even a common man can get benefit of them. Newspapers reveal and expose that what is happening around you and keep us in contact with the society. Usually, they reflect all the fields of life whether they are general, public, local, social, political, cultural etc. English newspaper is a major source of language learning for English language learners. By reading newspaper they can improve their skill of reading. But it never means that they have to read the newspaper thoroughly,  they can usually find out their interested topics and scan it if it is interested  they read it thoroughly. When they read the newspaper on daily basis and may absorb a lot of information and have a good storage of vocabulary. Newspaper is a great tool for language teachers to demonstrate the skills of reading and writing and it also helps to form the structure of English. By reading the newspaper the student will be able to comprehend the concepts of grammar and its application. It is the beneficial for the learners to learn English inside or outside the classroom. By using the newspaper the students may also update their current knowledge with learning English. It is a common analysis in Pakistan that when we observe the content of English newspaper we usually find such words that are emerged from English into Urdu or other local languages due to culture association and bilingualism. One must have command on English language to describe the ideas in an effective way because the news profession is associated with proper usage of words and phrases. English plays a vital role in every field of life, it is necessary for news editors and reporters of Pakistan to play an effective role in news editing. This research is an analysis of language conversion in Pakistani English newspaper due culture association or bilingualism. Based on the data gathered from Pakistani English newspaper, this research shows the English words that have been converted into Urdu or other local languages of Pakistan. This research demonstrates how the English language is used in anon-native context. This also indicates that that different verities and changing are associated with bilingualism and multilingualism. This research aims to show the different verities of English due to language conversion in Pakistan and indicates the vital role of Urdu and other local languages to form the Pakistani English. We have discussed those specific features that have been occurred as a result of conversion. We have analyzed the data which is concerned with Urdu words and phrases. This research describes the various causes due to which language changes occur in Pakistani context. English is a global language that a unique status all over the world. It is the language of millions of people around the world. It is an observation that the amount of non-native speakers of English is more than the native speakers. English is an international language and it used widely all over the world because the trend of speaking English is increasing day by day and the people have started using English in their daily conversation. When they use it in a non-native context it expands as a replaced and reoriented language. English has acquired a dominant position in Pakistan. It is not only useful for being professional but it is considered the sign of victory, authority, and social supremacy. This kind of authority is clearly seen in Pakistan and the people swap from their local languages to English to be dominant member of the society. On the other hand, Urdu is also considered an official language as English. It is the language of literacy in Pakistan. The educated people of Pakistan consider it an ordinary thing to use Urdu feature into English. When two or more languages exchange or get in touch with each other it causes conversion. English has its own social and cultural status that is distinguished from the other languages at the word and phrase level. It is natural phenomenon that when English language gets in touch with Urdu it borrows a lot of words from Urdu and other local languages. A large amount of Urdu and other loan words have been entered in Pakistani English. They may at word, phrase or clause level. This research is to see through the conversion data in Pakistani English newspapers. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. The news Statement of the Problem: This research is based on the analysis of English newspaper and to check the frequency of words occurred in Urdu or other local languages. Objective of the Study: This study aims to find out the words of other Pakistani languages that have been occurred in English newspaper, in Daily Dawn and The news. To compare the common words occurred in both newspapers. Significance of Study: This study of newspaper provides us a thorough survey to what extent the Urdu words have been used in English newspapers. This is a beneficial research for language improvement of policy makers, teachers, students and assessment institutions. Limitation: We have studied thoroughly the reasonable amount of English newspaper Dawn Daily Lahore and The News. We have classified the section of newspaper. On the basis of this classification we have checked the frequency of the Urdu words occurred in English. Delimitation: We have studied ten newspapers of both Daily Dawn and The News on daily basis due to the time cost constraints and because they are the oldest source of information. Design of Study: This study is qualitative in nature. It is based on the Meta analysis of newspaper. The use of this method is appropriate with the purpose of this study. Research is conducted while using qualitative approach. Because the result of the data analyze is in the descriptive phenomenon such as words and sentences. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW What is language? When we discuss about what is language? It can be defined in different aspects. A language may be related to a specific field. Language can be a dominant position than all than language because its a natural language. According to Adebeyo (1995) Language is one of the major source through which the people organize their thoughts and expresses the feelings. It means that its only human language by which a man can arrange or express his thoughts in a better way. This supports the different senses of language. If the language will not be there no one will be able to express his thoughts and share his experiences with others. As a result people will not able to learn from them. Communication is a great tool that links the people of the world and makes the world a global village. These are some evidence that proves that communication is the most important factor of the society. It is proved by media, internet among others. Ormrod (1995) suggests that language may be described as a basic form of communication. According to behaviorist, language is learned through behavior like thinking, acting and feelings. Origin of language The interesting facts of living and human evolution are discussed in the origin of language. If we talk about written language it leaves some traces but spoken language has no traces. At the beginning, different system of verbal language emerged from non-linguistic and proto-linguistic source of communication. Before 4 million years human beings and chimpanzees had common ancestor. So, since the last centuries human beings have not found any signs how actually language developed because verbal communication leaves no trace. All human beings are born with the same linguistic ability, and no one has a biological ability to adapt a specific language. Any child learns the language from his social surroundings, if a child is left in a non-native context he will not be able to learn his native language and adapt the language of the society in which he is living. From this we can say that language is not an inborn ability. It is learned by the family, people living around you. Language is the only factor that discriminates the human beings from the animal. Changing in languages If we talk about language changing varieties of languages are spoken all over the world. In this part of study we will focus that when language gets in touch with other language it causes language change. When the speakers of a language use varieties of languages in a situation the language comes in contact. Traditionally language changes due to contact have been described into three categories. Borrowing Code-Switching Bilingualism Borrowing Thomason and Kaufman (1988:37) describes that borrowing is the involvement of the characteristics of other language into the native language of a speaker. The language of native speaker does not change but the change occurs due to adding incorporated characteristics. Coetsems (1988) defines the borrowing as when the language speaker is using the language in any other context, it incorporates the features of other languages. If Urdu speaker is speaking English language the transfer of the English language into Urdu is called borrowings. According to Bloomfield (1933), who was the first who attempted this study and classified the lexical borrowing into dialect borrowing and cultural borrowing. Dialect borrowing is where the borrowings are from the same speech and cultural borrowing is where the borrowings are from different languages. (Bloomfield 1933: 444). In cultural borrowing the words from the other cultures are borrowed. The word spaghetti is an Italian word which is used in the culture of language from where it is borrowed. Certainly, it is an essential phenomenon especially when we talk about the effect of different languages on English. Researchers are in the view that borrowing is a different phenomenon than the other language contacts such as emergence, code-Switching, and transfer. Poplack and associates (Poplack 1980; and Meechan 1995) are in the opinion that the phenomenon of code-switching and borrowing vary from each other. Code-Switching Code-Switching is a crucial consequence of bilingual or multilingual speaker. A person who is bilingual or multilingual selects the language according to his/her context. The language that is selected by the speaker must be comprehensible for the addressee and the participant must understand it. (Hudson 1996). In communities where the people speak more than one language, they use different languages in different situations. The language is selected according to the rules of society in which he/she is living. Languages are varied according to situation. There is the difference between the language used in home and the language that is used in other places for various purposes. Switching refers overlapping between two or more than two languages. It switching is the interchanging between two languages or more than two languages. According to Di pietro in (Francois, 1982:145) code-switching is when the communicants communicate in more than one language in the implementation of speech act. Valdes Falhis in (Francois, 1982:145) refers that the code-switching is the interchanging of more than one language. Another definition that is proposed by Scotton and Ury says that the use of different linguistic varieties of two or more languages in the same context or conversation is called code-switching. But according to Weinreich (1953) definition, the people exchange a language to other because they want to change the situation of speech. When we observed the above definitions, it is very obvious that nobody can define the code-switching terminology. We have found divergence among the sociologists and linguists because the writers admit that there is uncertainty in this term. Types of Code-switching Code-Switching have been classifying by the scholars in diverse types. They have given different names to these types after observing the various cases. Poplack in (Romaine, 1989) illustrates these types as: Tag-switching, inter-sentential and intra-sentential. Tag switching: Tag switching means to connect one language into the other language and to switch a mark of a language into the other language. It can be at word or phrase level or both. Inter-Sentential switching: Its means the occurrence of switching outside the boundaries at clause or sentence level. This type of switching can also take place between the conversations of the speakers (Romaine, 1989; Myer-Scotton, 1993; Hoffman, 1991). Intra-Sentential switching: This type of code switching includes the various types of switching that take place within the phrase, sentence or clause. There are different styles of the language so we can not say that code-switching only occurs in the speaking of bilinguals. It can also occur among the monolinguals because of the styles of the language. Bilingualism Bilingualism refers to a person who can speak two different languages. In defining the term of bilingualism we have found the disagreement among linguists. Some linguists emphasizes that a person who is bilingual must have the command on two different languages. He should be fluent and accurate as native speaker in both languages. A bilingual person has a feature to develop the knowledge of second language and the ability to speak it. Types of Bilingualism Here are discussed three major types of bilinguals. Monocultural-Co-ordinate Bilingual: This type of bilingual learns the other language or second language to fulfill his requirements and to access the information related to his needs, to research the academic subject matter. He becomes bilingual but not bi-culture because he develops his language within a culture. Bicultural-Co-ordinate Bilingual: A bilingual person learns the second language within the speech community of second language for many reasons such as studied literature of their culture, history and tourism purposes. Bicultural-compound Bilingual: this type of bilingual learns two cultures and two languages. One at home and the other of the society in which he is living. The only way to tackle with these various definitions is to know that bilingualism is an individual feature and one can learn more than one language if he is competent enough, he can get the complete mastery of two languages. Pidgins Pidgins are one of the major aspects of language change. Pidgin Languages Pidgins languages developed from the distinguish language varieties. They are created by the efforts of different people who speak varieties of languages. We can not say that pidgin is the native language of some person. It is learned when people get in touch with the people who speak their language in their own context. The people who do not have the common language to exchange their ideas, pidgins develop as a source of communication between them. Holmes (2001) states that when two groups having different languages communicate with each other in such situation where a third language has position, this may called pidgins. When the people from various language contexts come in contact with each other pidgins languages are needed for their survival. For the slaves, the only way to communicate with their masters and with one another was pidgin that was their masters language. Cultural Impact on Language Language changes with the time and there are a lot of features that causes that change. As a person grows a lot of factors like family, region and culture can influence the language development of a person. A culture can introduce different words which gradually become part of the language. Human beings can express thoughts and communicate with each other through language. Simply the word that is uttered by a person carrying some meaning is known as language, whereas, the culture may be referred to the activities and doings of people. Every culture has its own identity. Culture includes religion, dress, art, games, music, rituals and law. Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan Pakistan is a country with multilingual speaker. Urdu is its national language and it is the mother tongue of almost 7.57 percent people of Pakistan, although it is used at a wide range in the urban areas of Pakistan. English is still official language of Pakistan as it was when British ruled in the subcontinent. There are some other major languages of Pakistan that are: Pakistani languages Languages Percentage of speakers Punjabi 44.15 Pashto 15.42 Sindhi 14.10 Siraiki 10.53 Urdu 7.57 Balochi 3.57 Other 4.66 Source: Census 2001: 107 English is the official language of Pakistan. It is government law, military language, language of business contracts, signs of shops, many street signs and other enterprises use English. It is the language of the courts also. In most of Pakistani schools, medium of instruction is English and it is taught to all Pakistani students at school level, while at university and college level medium of instruction is English. English is boasted by the media and press of Pakistan at large scale. All the major newspapers of Pakistan are published in English. A major news channel of Pakistan is Dawn news. Status of English in Pakistan English language performs various functions in Pakistan. English is Politics language. It is the medium of instruction in Pakistani schools and colleges. It is the source of education for the people because all scientific theories are in English. English is the language of press and media. It is the lingua franca. This indicates if someone has not the knowledge of English language, it is impossible for him to get a high status in society. Most of the people in Pakistan speak English just to communicate. They dont know the standard version of English. There are some people who are given the duty to use standard version of English. Some people say that English is not their mother language even then they can understand and speak the language. Some people in Pakistan like language teachers, policy makers, broad casters, and other institutions try to follow the standard version of language but some people just goof by the communication is affected in a bad way. Non-native Varieties of English According to Kachru (1978) who was the first introduced the nativized English variety in South Asia and he calls it English of South Asian people. In Kachrus point of view South Asia English is another linguistic phenomenon that helps in the identity of culture. He states that nativization should be considered the result of innovative trend in linguistics. These innovations are determined through the localized form of second language. After this development the new and non-native varieties of English were gradually recognized like Indian English, Sri Lankan English, Singaporean English, Nigerian English and Pakistani English. New varieties of English are termed as there are many recognizable varieties of written and spoken by a large number of people. No new variety of language is developed in isolation but it is dependant on the peoples communication needs who speak and write it. This kind of variety is known as interference variety because there is interference of culture and langu age in the culture and first language of the user. Several changes occur when the people of a language use it in various cultural situation or social context. When the non-native speakers use second language, they develops totally new version of expressions according to the communication requirements. If the bilingual person is the user of non-native variety then the different kinds switching transcription of codes, mixing and alteration are manifested in creativity. When two or more languages get in touch with another it causes the innovation. One of the major means of creativity in language is bilingualism (Talaat, 2003). The non-native verities are widely spread and have stable position that they are regarded as native like English. (Quirk, 1983:8). Bilingual Creativity in Pakistani English Newspaper The stylistics innovation and experimentation has found its pinnacle in literature and journalism. English writing tradition is old before the partition. But in present decades writing is a recognized at a national level. A national award is awarded by a national academy of letters for literature and journalists every year. English press has a large influence the sub-continent, the reason is that the educated class which is involved in the policy making reads and utilize it. One can find at least a recognized English newspaper in an average-sized city. English has become a medium of communication and to convey the message for many years but the cultural aspects are not conveyed in English language. This term is adopted by the news reporter to report the news items. These trends are used for various purposes like irony, cultural meaning and satire. Urdu symbols and metaphors are used regularly and frequently in Pakistani English. These kinds of symbols and metaphors represent the localized behaviours and attitudes and Pakistan social traditions. It is necessary the reader/listener to be familiar with the situation and cultural background to understand the metaphor and the meaning carried by speaker/listener. According to Littlemore (2001) the metaphors are inferred through the knowledge that is shared to a culture because these metaphors are culturally associated. Rationale of the Study This study shows that there is a lot of Urdu and other local words are used in English newspapers. This kind of conversion is introducing a new variety of English in Pakistan and even the vocabulary is changing. The major cause of this changing in vocabulary is the switching of English with local languages of Pakistan. An intensive and detailed study of newspapers indicates that in Pakistani English columns especially in news section localized words are found to a great extent. The comparison of the News and The Dawn shows the difference between the local and standard variety of English. This research indicates that the emerging trends in English newspaper have a great influence on Pakistani English at words and phrase level. This research shows the varieties of English when it is used by non-native speakers of English. Newspaper is a great source of language learning for students but if the language will not be comprehensible they may get confused and will not be able to learn langu age properly. So the language of newspaper must be clear and free from slang expressions that are used by Pakistani press. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE Research Method Population Population in this research was all newspapers daily, weekly, monthly, annually. This defined population is pretty suitable for this research as it is designed to seek the effects of local languages on English Newspapers. Sampling Sampling is a process of drawing representative elements forms the larger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantages of sampling are especially saving in time and money. Steps taken for sampling: Identification of the problem Determination of required sample size Required sample size Selection of sample We have randomly selected two newspapers The Dawn from May 31, 2012 to June 9, 2012 and The News from May 12, 2012 to May 21, 2012. Data Collection Pakistani English daily Dawn and The News was selected for the research. Founded in 1941 by the Quaid-e-Azam, Dawn News and The News are Pakistans oldest and most widely read English-language newspaper. The Dawn Group of newspapers is Pakistans second largest media group. The newspapers for the ten days were selected for the analysis. The borrowed words were isolated from the paper and their frequency of use was also recorded. The words then were tabulated according to their frequency of occurrence. Data was collected using a corpus of twenty English newspapers. The newspapers were scanned carefully and all Urdu and local language items were taken out. Data Analysis Data of this research was analyzed by using simple percentage and comparing the words of both newspapers The News and Dawn. At first the frequency of the words taken from the newspapers was compared and checked in parts then the highlighted items from all the newspapers were compared at the end. CHAPTER 4 ANALYSES OF THE DATA This chapter presents an analysis of the data that is gathered from English newspapers. In this chapter the result of reading ten newspapers are discussed i.e. The News and The Dawn. For this purpose, the findings are clearly presented in tables. These findings are also divided into different sections and frequency of the findings is also mentioned. Table 4.1 Content Analysis of The News May 12, 2012 and Dawn May 31, 2012 News Section the News fREQUENCY dawn fREQUENCY Bandwagon Tolas Kanals Marla Pehlwan Madrassa Bazaar Ghee Shriat Kilos Lashkar Hajj 1 7 2 1 1 1 4 15 1 1 1 1 Jo muhajir suby ka ghaddar hai wo maut ka haqdar hai. Sipah-i-Sahaba Shalwar Seth Sahib Qaumi Aman Jirga Sasti Roti Ashiana Haj Patwaris Fard Malkiat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Sports Section the news frequency dawn frequency Subh-e-Nau 1 In this table, the most frequently used word is ghee and after it tolas is used. The words in the table have their equivalents in English language like shariat is the Arabic translation of Islamic decree and haj has its equivalent in English. All the words like pehlwan lashkar jirga have their translation in English but they are used in local languages in the newspaper due to culture association. In the table above The news has more words as compare to Dawn. Table 4.2 Content Analysis of The News May 13, 2012 and Dawn June 1, 2012. News Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Jiyalas Posh Area Hudood Zina Kuch khas Tazir Hiraba Jungle Kanal Tamgh-i-shujat Dahi baras Shalwar kameez 2 1 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Qaumparasti Shalwar Qameez Muttahida Mahaz Zila Fatwa Ulema Naqis-ul-iman Alim Sajda Naqis-ul aqal Pakora Wagon Bharpoor Patwaris Darul Amman Panchayat Jirga 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 Showbiz Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Awami suit Yahan log sirf dou wajah sy nahin rokta bara gaari aur bara darhi Ajrak Boy girl scene he nahin khatam hota No bank ki naukri, No denting painting ka kam Walayati Naughty toh hamari Veena Malik ya Nargis lagti hain. Aurat doshmany namanzoor Janubi Punjab Tabla 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 In this table the most frequent word is hudood. This word is translated as limitation in English language but that is used in the newspaper as an Islamic term that relates to the culture of Pakistan. In the table above The News has more words than Dawn. Table 4.3 Content Analysis of The News May 14, 2012 and Dawn June 2, 2012 News Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Nazim Maulana Musalmanon ky zawal sy dunya ko kia nuqsan pohncha Daku Raj Lakh Mandi Baboos Kanal Sardar Mela Ulema-e-islam Qabristan Shaheeds Insaf ho to aisa ho wah wah Pakistani qanoon zindabaad Patwaris Thanedar Jihadist Nazim-e-aala Madrassa Nazim Peshawar sadar tehrik ke ainay mein and baghaat-e Peshawar Roti kapra aur makan Masala Darbar Mufti Yaar Dosti Sardar Burqas 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 <