Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy

Question: Talk about the Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy. Answer: Presentation: The article examines three nail conditions and clarifies the causes and the executives. The paper examines about onycholysis, splinter hemorrhages and paronychia. Nail growth is a ceaseless contamination additionally called as onychomycosis. This disease is brought about by dermatopytes (molds, ringworms, and yeasts) influencing finger and toe nails step by step destructing the nail plate. The side effects of nail growth include orange/earthy colored and white/weaknesses or fixes on the nails. At times it brings about discharge of foul smell causing onycholysis that is falling of nail from the nail bed (Becker and Bershow 2013). The reasons for onycholysis are injury, skin illnesses, hereditary elements, and other fundamental infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosais known to develop under the nails during onycholysis. This condition is treated with topical and oral treatment. Oral contagious treatment is powerful technique as it enters the nail plate and the nail bed. Oral drugs that give total fix of nail disease terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazolewhich energizers the development of new noninfected nail. Topical cream, for example, Efinaconazo le (Jublia) and tavaborole (Kerydin) are affirmed by US FDA and are profoundly viable in relieving onychomycosis. General practices for forestalling of nail organism are keeping nail dry, short and clean, utilization of breathable socks and other stylish support (Iorizzo 2015). Splinter hemorrhages are another sort nail issue. These contaminations happen corresponding to the long pivot to or finger nails. It is ordinarily brought about by infective endocarditis, hematological harm, serious iron deficiency, injury and vasculitis, for example, fundamental lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis, and rheumatoid joint pain. They show up as flimsy earthy colored, red or ruddy earthy colored lines under the nails toward the development of the nails and look like splinter. There is no particular consideration for this nail condition. Now and again, it is shown as variation from the norm, for example, when splinter hemorrhages are brought about by onycholysis and it additionally happens in patients with nail psoriasis. In the event that splinters happen in numerous nails it is considered as foundational issue. In any case, they are not agonizing because of which the vast majority maintain a strategic distance from while stylish treatment is required for certain individu als. At the point when splinters happen all the more every now and again and in huge numbers it is a characteristic of connective tissue issue. The splinter hemorrhages can forever vanish when the nail diseases settle. The contagious disease must be treated with fundamental or topical antifungal treatment. Antifungal balms containing cortisone are regularly controlled. Patients are upheld o eat food that are regular blood more slender (Haber et al. 2016). Paronychia is the nail issue described by irritation of the tissue encompassing the nail (Shafritz and Coppage 2014). It incorporates discharge gathering between the nail framework and the fingernail skin bringing about redness, agony, expanding and delicacy in the territory. Intense paronychia results from bacterial disease the basic operator being Staphylococcus aureus. It very well may be dealt with non-precisely. The ceaseless paronychia results from psoriasis or dermatitis which is usually brought about by candidal disease and bacterial operators, for example, Pseudomonasspp. In the ceaseless condition erythema and oedemaare appeared on the proximal and sidelong nail folds. The normal treatment incorporates organization of oral antifungal or topical steroids. Customary follow up is required to forestall profound situated contaminations. Careful strategy includes Swiss move method where the non-follower dressing the nail overlap is raised and reflected proximally. For diabetic pa tients forceful treatment approaches utilized. General administration incorporate utilizing warm splashes and topical antifungal specialists, for example, miconazole, ketoconazole or fluconazole are managed (Relhan et al. 2014). References Becker, C. furthermore, Bershow, A., 2013. Lasers and photodynamic treatment in the treatment of onychomycosis: a survey of the literature.Dermatology online journal,19(9). Haber, R., Khoury, R., Kechichian, E. furthermore, Tomb, R., 2016. Splinter hemorrhages of the nails: a methodical audit of clinical highlights and related conditions.International Journal of Dermatology,55(12), pp.1304-1310. Iorizzo, M., 2015. Tips to treat the 5 most normal nail issue: fragile nails, onycholysis, paronychia, psoriasis, onychomycosis.Dermatologic clinics,33(2), pp.175-183. Relhan, V., Goel, K., Bansal, S. also, Garg, V.K., 2014. The board of incessant paronychia.Indian diary of dermatology,59(1), p.15. Shafritz, A.B. also, Coppage, J.M., 2014. Intense and incessant paronychia of the hand.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons,22(3), pp.165-174.

Change Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change Management - Assignment Example The postal association has some expertise in dispatch and express administrations (Australian Government, 2011). The association is attempting to extend business in the field of retail product and organization administrations. Customary postal assistance business had gotten unfruitful in most recent couple of years. The idea of customary postal correspondence has changed because of advancement of email correspondence, informal communication. Individuals want to utilize web correspondence as opposed to customary postal administrations. The postal association has brought about lost $90 million in most recent 5 years. Australian Post is attempting to change business methodology regarding moving spotlight on retail Merchandise and organization Services. They have to deal with the change procedure cautiously. Change the executives will assist them with building a solid hierarchical structure. Change Management Change the executives attempts to coordinate various frameworks and structure w ith the authoritative structure of the organization. Change the executives can be applied in the progress period of the association. An organization can go for entire framework change or fractional framework change. Numerous associations use ADKAR change the executives model to improve profitability. Dupont is a notable synthetic organization of USA. They utilized the model to execute change the executives in the creation procedure. ADKAR model can be clarified in the accompanying manner. An Awareness is created for change. Top administration of the organization distinguishes issue zones like staff profitability, poor assistance conveyance, poor yearly deals volume and low efficiency of existing framework. The administration at that point chooses to change existing procedure. D-Existing workers express want to take part in change process. They can be named as change specialists. K-Knowledge as far as preparing and improvement is given to the change operators. The information procedu re causes them to comprehend key issues of new framework. A-This is the application part of progress the board. In this stage association begins to utilize new actualized framework. Association takes outside assistance to actualize new framework. The outer framework screens the application stage. Instructing and tutoring are required to oversee change specialists. R-Organization attempts to fortify the manageability factor. Organizations attempt to keep up the new actualized framework. They attempt to break down the aftereffect of progress the board in this stage. Change the board is a powerful procedure. Association can execute change the board program in different zones like showcasing, creation process, monetary administration framework and hierarchical structure. Change the board can be actualized by modifying the considering procedure existing representatives. It is hard to track down representatives who acknowledge change effectively. The association needs to choose change spe cialists prepared to acknowledge new framework. Administration based models like changing client relationship the executives requires thorough preparing and improvement program. Top level administration needs to speak with change operators routinely. Study shows that in any event 15 commitment are required to explain the destinations of top administration (University of Pennsylvania, 2010). Change Management in Australia Post Australia Post has business ability in the field of postal administrations (like letter and package conveyance, dispatch administrations). The association is attempting to grow business in the field of outsider office administrations like banking, charge installment, protection, visa application and

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant bo ´rigärd [key], 1818â€"93, Confederate general, b. St. Bernard parish, La., grad. West Point, 1838. As engineer on the staff of Winfield Scott in the Mexican War, he figured prominently in the taking of Mexico City. He later did engineering work in Louisiana, and for five days in Jan., 1861, he was superintendent of West Point. Beauregard, resigning from the army in February, was soon made a Confederate brigadier general and was given command at Charleston, where he ordered the firing on Fort Sumter . Assuming command of the army in NE Virginia (June), he was second in command to J. E. Johnston at the first battle of Bull Run (July 16, 1861) and was promoted to full general. He was sent to the West in 1862 and succeeded to the command of the Army of Tennessee upon the death of A. S. Johnston at the battle of Shiloh . Ill health and friction with Jefferson Davis, whom he had criticized after Bull Run, resulted in his removal from command. A fter a rest he was charged with the defense of the South Carolina and Georgia coast, which he ably held against Union attacks, particularly those on Charleston in 1863. In May, 1864, Beauregard reinforced Lee in Virginia. He defeated B. F. Butler at Drewry's Bluff and held Petersburg against Grant until Lee arrived. In the closing months of the war he was in the Carolinas with J. E. Johnston. After the war Beauregard was a railroad president, manager of the Louisiana state lottery, and for many years adjutant general of that state. His superior engineering abilities overshadowed his deficiencies as a field commander. See his Mexican War reminiscences ed. by T. H. Williams (1956, repr. 1969); A. Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard (1884); biographies by H. Basso (1933) and T. H. Williams (1955). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biogr aphies

Design Strategy Of Obamas Campaign - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2281 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction To what extent did the design strategy of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Research methods Interview the creative director of the campaign to gain a concise overview of what was required of the design team. Find out any specific communication strategies that might have been imposed on them and explore the reasons behind their design choices (colors, fonts, use of imagery, layouts etc). Investigate if any strategic marketing techniques were used to promote Obama the same way a mass consumption product would be sold. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Design Strategy Of Obamas Campaign" essay for you Create order Research all journals, dissertations and articles relating to the topic of political campaign strategies, design strategies, and communication techniques. Search news articles for pundit reviews and opinions of campaign success and current backlash. Conduct a thorough analysis of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Designing Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ book that contains the entire design strategy used by Scott Thomas. Limitations of study Due to the fact that this is a very recent event the amount of detailed and concise publications based on the topic are scarce. The bulk of the research will have to rely on Internet sources of news articles, pundit blogs and a search for relevant dissertations published by the academic community. Organization of the dissertation To what extent did the design strategy of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Answered via the following arguments: Social landscape of America conducive to political advertising Cult of personality formation via harnessing of mass media Misleading and subliminal influence of design Expectations of the public too high from ambiguous and contradictory communication Main Body Setting the scene America in 2008 was not the beacon of hope it had once been. There was rising unemployment and a financial crisis that had brought the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy crashing down. Poverty was increasing rapidly and people were loosing homes due to foreclosures. The country was massively unhappy that America was still participating in the Afghanistan conflict and to top it all, there had been 8 years under the Bush administration that had seen its lowest approval ratings of all time (below 40%). Running parallel to this was an America that had become so utterly saturated by marketing that this was one of the only facets of communication people would respond to (research to prove this?). Describe the average american experience? (how often they see ads, how well they respond). The huge obsession with celebrity culture in combination with the growing global social networks had made it too easy to give rise to a cult of personality. America was begging for change at this point, which left them susceptible to intelligent marketing and design strategies. It was against this backdrop that in the run up to the 2008 Presidential Election support and enthusiasm for Obama was increasing at a dramatic rate culminating in a frenzy by the time of his victory and inauguration in January 2009. Building trust through consistent design From the very beginning of the campaign the design team knew they would have to subdue the public perception of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inexperience via his visual presentation. The strategy used was to implement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the timelessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s already president feelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo) into his brand image. The use of consistency was vital as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one thing that design can solve with consistency is [to] establishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a sense of balanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it can also reallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦give the visual impression that heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s incredibly experienced.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo). fig1. Expert use of consistency in the visual communication makes Obama seem organized, experienced and competent. Thomas (2010, p. 78) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Because of their evocative power, design and branding elements can create a stable bond between voters and the candidateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we wanted to elicit the feeling that he was a familiar figure whose attributes and values they could relate to and trust.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Talk about logo, consistent branding, Thomas (2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"You can use good design and to a certain degree it blurs the lines a bit.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Another strategy to distract from Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inexperience was to emphasize how historic the campaign was. Rather than simply stating this in the communication the entire aesthetic was designed around old archival materials. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"We wanted to pull from imagery of the past to communicate the historic nature of the campaignà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (vimeo). fig2. Certain information was designed using real historical documents found in local archives for an authentic vintage feel. This strategy not only highlighted the importance of the campaign but also using imagery that resembled historical documents, like the original declaration of independence, elicited a sense of patriotism and American sentiment, which could have a strong subliminal effect. Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cult of personality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized and heroic public imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Wikipedia, 2008). By the end of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s campaign it was clear that this was beginning to become reality. Imagery of Obama appeared in galleries, on billboards and around the city as street art or graffiti, the vast majority of it in full support of him. In addition there were huge varieties of Obama merchandise being sold by independent street vendors all over the country. Social networks were buzzing with his name, independent bloggers were watching his every move and grassroots events, using the same Obama visual design for flyers and posters, were happening on a daily basis. Even though the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"visual tapestry of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that had been weaved across the country was a collaborative effort from hundreds of individual contributors outside the reach of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"br and controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it still maintained high levels of visual consistency. This was due to the highly efficient and transparent branding principles that required only the use of the Obama logo and typeface to make any visual production appear part of the overall marketing strategy. To a rock solid and seasoned democratic or republican supporter the choice of political candidate would still have been easy. But for a younger or less convicted voter with no solid viewpoint (research suggests there are more and more of these people) they could be susceptible to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"communication based on persuasion in which voters, lacking enduring political convictions, are induced to support a particular candidate or party at election time.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Swanson, 2004). This would be particularly effective given the cult of personality bestowed upon Obama by the media coverage of him and from his rock star status fuelled by regular endorsements from celebrities and musicians. fig3. Obama featured in a music video by the black eyed peas that turned his slogan into an anthem It is possible that due to this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Obama frenzyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ it had become fashionable to be an Obama supporter and the thought of not voting for a candidate that was fresh, young, creative, energetic, and whose very ideals were adorning the city, seemed worthy of ridicule. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cause youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll be real embarrassed if he won and you wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t down with ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Chris Rock) Leverage of technology to increase reach Vote for Obama à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" making the voting process easy should in practice enable all the people with clear convictions to vote for the candidate they know they want. In reality it allows undecided voters to choose a candidate they may not really believe in but vote anyway via peer pressure, cult of personality, ease of use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wht not?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ This results in inaccurate assumptions of public opinion being drawn from the poll. Transparency of brand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all brand assets available for download so anyone can create visuals that resemble the official Obama brand material. This creates a sense of solidarity with the brand. And the subsequent result is an impression that the brand is literally everywhere as the entire grassroots movement is branded and appears to be part of the overall design strategy. Boundary destruction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" versatility of the logo allows it to be tailored to any group who want to be associated with Obama or simply show their support. The broken boundaries create a sense of solidarity and add to the impression of world wide brand saturation. A False Revolution In order to allow the global community of artists to contribute, the campaign team initiated the Artists For Obama poster series. According to Thomas (2010, p. 127) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[the] idea was to invite artists to participate in the creation of a new kind of campaign poster, one that would be the expression of the individual artist rather than a reiteration of campaign materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The first contribution to this initiative was a poster by Shepard Fairey and to many, his invitation seemed counter intuitive. He is a well-known street artist who has built his fame on defacing public buildings and creating work with huge anti-establishment connotations. His campaign poster has been deemed the most iconic image of Obama ever created, yet ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unclear if the visual of Obama above the word HOPE was intended to be ironic. fig4. A contrast between Shepard Faireyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s previous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anti-establishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aesthetic and the Obama poster. To most people this poster symbolized the revolution that was coming but considering the lost enthusiasm following Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presidency the question is if this powerful image created a false anticipation of revolution in the minds of the American people. Thomas (2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve kind of heard that tone, whereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Shepard Faireyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s posterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦had this very anti-establishment aesthetic that could have played into the minds of those that thought this was going to be a revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦changing Washington DC from the inside out.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Since the Obama frenzy has subsided it is clear that the revolution people were hoping for hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t happened. In an interview with the National Journal, Shepard Fairey commented on his plan to contribute work to help Obama in 2012 but stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"he couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t design the same Hope poster today, because the spirit of the Obama campaign hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t carried over to the Obama presidency.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Madhani, 2010). Misleading and subliminal imagery In June 2008 the Obama design team created a seal to be displayed on his lectern that very closely resembled the Presidential seal. This caused controversy in the media and when Steven Heller ask Scott Thomas to name the most heated design battle of the campaign à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Thomas brought up the infamous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“presidential sealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? debacleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Kessler, B. 2008). fig5. Obama in front of the controversial custom presidential seal with Latin slogan saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yes we canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Imagery such as Obama standing in front of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"presidential lookingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ seal before he is president can have subtle subliminal effects. It implies that he has already won before the election has taken place and can be a powerful persuasive device if used strategically. Sol Sender, the designer of the Obama logo suggested à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"although the presidential seal was used by the campaign only briefly,  seeing Obama-the-candidate standing behind that familiar regal  eagle had a lingering effect  in the minds of votersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Kessler, B. 2008). In addition to this the voters have been subject to rock solid consistency in the visual communication that has solidified the Obama brand deep in their subconscious minds. Ambiguous communication From the outset of the campaign the three keywords used to inspire the nation were Hope, Change and Progress, which were the three ideas that the American people were so desperately seeking in 2008 Thomas (2010, p. 78)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢our strategy would not have worked if Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s message hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t rung so true and hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t resonated so deeply with the American publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These words however inspiring are somewhat ambiguous unless the exact implementation of each is explained but this was rarely the case when used by Obama. Regardless of this, they became woven into the visual language of the campaign to the point that the word Hope had become synonymous with Obama. A news reporter commented about an Obama rally he witnessed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Obama almost never got into specifics. It was change, change, save the country, change, yes we can, changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Wendel, J. 2008). people are VERY focused on Obama and dont really know much about what he stands for(Wendel, J. 2008). Conclusion Where are we now? A downward spiral of disappointment, anger and lost enthusiasm swiftly followed and continued to the end of 2010. Senate elections in November saw the Republicans taking back the House, and many of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were rejected by the American public (most notably the healthcare reform suffered a 59% opposition). In addition to this, his approval rating had fallen from 65% in 2009 to 45% in 2010. The reason for such a huge turnaround in public opinion after Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monumental success can be attributed to two possibilities. Either the American public developed and overzealous expectation of Obama and his intentions based on the strategic design of the campaign, or they were not as open to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as they seemed to imply. Either way it is clear that something must have caused this huge inversion to occur. Talk about how it is clear that design contributed to both a distorted view of what the public really wanted and how Obama was perceived to be something more than he actually was in reality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"There were many Americans seduced by the feel good Madison Avenue campaign of Obama, but the trouble with hype is that after all the BS, you must be able to produce something, four years is a long time to run on hypeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(flopping aces) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Independents and Democrats are admitting to themselves that the Obama image [created] is nothing more than an allusion that they wanted to believe, against common sense.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (flopping aces) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the campaigns are now so intricate and so all consuming that the ability it takes to win a campaign is not the same skill set to govern and are we raising a generation of leaders that can win campaigns but not adequately govern?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (john steward, daily show).

The Color Purple By Alice Walker Essay - 1217 Words

From the 1980 s to the present, African-American queer authors have progressively discarded their shame in order embark on sexual liberation. In considering Alice Walker s The Color Purple, Cheryl Duyne s The Watermelon Woman, and Ross Gay s Unabashed Catalogue of Gratitude, it is clear that these authors show a progressively unashamed embrace of same-sex desires while considering their position in the African American community. In the novel The Color Purple, Alice Walker spoke quite prudently of homosexuality itself. The Color Purple fought against the oppression in a way where African American and LGBTQ community were scrutinized in the American society. At a time where African Americans were being racially segregated and discriminated against, the term homosexual was beyond far fetch and this was evidently shown in her novel. This was apparent as her two characters carried on a secret affair. For example, the romantic relationship between Celie and Shug Avery. Walker illustrates two remarkable friends through the course of their sexual relationship created an extraordinary bond with resulted in a discovery of selfless love. The sexual relationship between Celie and Shug was vaguely unique for its time because it’s seen however barely mentioned. As noted, the moment Shug guards the door and afraid to get caught by Mr__, as Celie masturbates for the very first time. And the very moment Harpo and Mr__ approaches, Celie states â€Å"and I yank up my drawers and yankShow MoreRelatedThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1355 Words   |  6 PagesDecember, 2015 Just A Single Purple Wildflower In A Field Of Weeds Alice walker once said, â€Å"No person is your friend (or kin) who demands your silence, or denies your right to grow and be perceived as fully blossomed as you were intended. Or who belittles in any fashion the gifts you labor so to bring into the world.† The color purple has timelessly been used to convey pictures of power and ambition, it is also associated with the feeling of independence. The Color Purple is the story of the constantRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker710 Words   |  3 PagesThe Series of unfortunate events in The Color Purple The Color Purple by Alice Walker starts off with a rather graphic view of a young black woman denominated as Celie. Celie has to learn how to survive her abusive past. She also has to figure out a way she can release her past in search of the true meaning of love. Alice walker wrote this book as an epistolary novel to further emphasize Celie`s life events. From the beginning of the novel Alice Walker swiftly establishes an intimate contact withRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 Pagesas a novel containing graphic violence, sexuality, chauvinism, and racism, The Color Purple was banned in numerous schools across the United States. Crude language, brutality, and explicit detail chronicle the life of Celie, a young black woman exposed to southern society’s harshness. While immoral, the events and issues discussed in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple remain pervasive in today’s society. The Color Purple epitomizes the hardships that African A mericans faced at the turn of the centuryRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker675 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world exist for their own reasons. They were not made for humans any more than black people were made for white, or women created for men.† Straight from the mouth of Alice Walker this quote was spoken in order to point out that fact that none of God’s creatures were put on this Earth to be someone else’s property. Alice Walker is an African-American novelist and poet who took part in the 1960’s civil rights movement in Mississippi. Walkers creative vision was sparked by the financial sufferingRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker921 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker’s realistic novel, The Color Purple revolves around many concerns that both African American men and women faced in an era, where numerous concerns of discrimination were raised. Religious and gender issues are confronted by the main characters which drive the plot and pa int a clear image of what life may possibly have been like inside an African American home. Difficulties were faced by each and every character specifically Celie and Nettie who suffered heavy discrimination throughoutRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1540 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker is an award winning   author, most famously recognized for her novel   The Color Purple ;aside from being a novelist Walker is also a poet,essayist and activist .Her writing explores various social aspects as it concerns women and also celebrates political as well as social revolution. Walker has gained the reputation of being a prominent spokesperson and a symbolic figure for black feminism. Proper analyzation   of Walker s work comes from the   knowledge on her early life, educationalRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker3360 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender† (Yahwon). Alice Walker views herself as a womanist. Although a womanist and feminist are similar, the two terms are not exactly the same. According to Professor Tamara Baeouboeuf-Lafonant: [Womanism] focuses on the experiences and knowledge bases of black women [which] recognizes and interrogates the social realities of slavery, segregation, sexism, and economic exploitation this group has experienced during its history in the United States. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Color Purple by Alice Walker is a story written in 1982 that is about the life struggles of a young African American woman named Celie. The novel takes the reader through several main topics including the poor treatment of African American women, domestic abuse, family relationships, and also religion. The story takes place mostly in rural Georgia in the early 1900’s and demonstrates the difficult life of sharecropper families. Specifically how life was endured from the perspective of an AfricanRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker926 Words   |  4 PagesThe award-winning novel, â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker, is a story about a woman going through cruel things such as: incest, rape, and physical abuse. This greatly written novel comes from a very active feminist author who used many of her own experiences, as well as things that were happening during that era, in her writing. â€Å"The Color Purple† takes place in the early 1900s, and symbolizes the economic, emotional, and social deprivation that African American women faced in Southern statesRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Color Purple, is a novel written by the American author Alice Walker. The novel won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and is also regarded to be her most successful piece of work. It has developed into an award winning film and was recently made into a Broadway play. The story continues to impress readers throughout the decades due to its brutal honesty. The novel successfully and truthfully demonstrates what life was like for black women during the early twentieth century. The book discusses

Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline Free Essays

string(133) " five forces that can be used to analyze a company’s \(for instance GlaxoSmithKline\) framework and business strategy development\." Abstract GlaxoSmithKline is an English pharmaceutical, vaccine, biologics, and consumer healthcare company with its headquarters in Brentford, London. The establishment of this company was as a result of the 2000 merger between Glaxo Wellcome plc with SmithKline Beecham plc. Going by the 2009 prescription drug sales recorded across the nation, it is the fourth largest pharmaceutical company by ranking (Robson, 2013, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline or any similar topic only for you Order Now 63). As of July 2012, it was ranked fifth among the FTSE 100 companies with a market capitalization of ?74.8 billion. The company, also a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Anon., 2003, p. 785). The company has had to face ardent competition from such rivals as Pfizer and Sanofi especially following the July 2012 guilty plea to criminal incriminations in the USA due to the marketing of the company’s antidepressants- both Wellbutrin and Paxil- for unauthorized uses, failure to report safety data on Avandia and wrongful sales and marketing of Advair (BBC, 2012; Thomas Schmidt, 2012). The total fine for these charges was an astounding $3 billion. Introduction Competition is an important aspect in the business world. Every organization wants to dominate the global market and become a market leader and trendsetter by beating its competitors through the production of higher quality, as well as superior, products. Market domination entirely depends on customers’ trust towards an organization and the services or products it offers. Various forces play a role in the determination of the success of an organization and the type of rapport that it creates with the clients and customers. Providing quality products at affordable prices should be considered in order to achieve advantage in the global market (Armstrong, 2011, p. 45). In addition, an organization needs to evaluate its strength and weakness for efficient operations. Such considerations and evaluations are imperative in the formulation of plans, goals and objectives since they aid in defining the successes or failures of a company in the market in relation to its competitors. This report is based on the SWOT and PORTER analysis of GlaxoSmithKline; considering its strengths and weaknesses that aid or hinder it from competing within its industry effectively. GlaxoSmithKline SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis technique can be used to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses of GlaxoSmithKline (Armstrong, 2011, p. 46). The environmental opportunities and strengths facing GlaxoSmithKline can also be identified using the SWOT analysis technique. A good technique is one that maximizes on the company’s opportunities and strengths, and minimizes on its threat and weaknesses. Highlighting these key aspects of the company not only aids in the portrayal of it s market position, as wells help to explain on the reasons for this position, but also it provides a platform for the evaluation of the various steps and plans that can be effected to improve on market performance in terms of sales and revenues (Anon., 2011, p. 32). Strengths of GlaxoSmithKline The vast resources and funds available to the company enable it to employ a strong sales and marketing team. The strong sales and marketing infrastructure of GlaxoSmithKline positions it to be the marketing choice for customers. This is on the back of vigorous marketing and public relations campaigns undertaken by the company through print and tele-visual media. Apart from being one of the world’s top 5 pharmaceutical companies (Torun, 2007, p 2), it is also UK’s biggest funder and investor in research and development. It has dominated the chemistry industry through efficient resource utilization and manufacturing. It has over 97000 employees who effectively focus on and explore new markets (Healy Palepu, 2010, p. 54). Consequently, this has continued to play as a major strength for the company, especially after the criminal charges faced in the USA, through which it has embarked on sales, marketing and public relations efforts. Weaknesses of GlaxoSmithKline Increased productivity leads to numerous cases of expired bulk-buster products. Issues of safety of drugs used by customers raise controversies for the company’s image. Research and development strategies may also fail to deliver the required expectation. These are no different problems that the company has had to battle through the years. Owing to the mass production it engages in, the company has, time and again had to call back some of the products due to quality, quantity or even expiry date issues (Anon., 2011, p. 58; Bass, 2008, p. 89). This has served a major blow to the company’s efforts by denting its record and public image. Opportunities for GlaxoSmithKline It has the opportunity to move into oncology market, biologics, segments and specific antibodies specialization. The opportunity to facilitate potential mergers and acquisitions through its strong cash flow position is highly advantageous. In addition, there has also been increased awareness and demand for healthcare solutions globally. The company was established through a merger of various smaller companies (Anon., 2011, p. 2). As a result, it has continued to develop top-notch laboratories while simultaneously amassing vast amounts of resources, funds and wealth. This serves as an epic opportunity for it to exploit to expand into new markets and products and also force through mergers, acquisitions, as well amalgamations for it to expand its operations and clients’ base (GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d.). Threats for GlaxoSmithKline There is high risk of unsuccessful new products due to inadequate awareness of consumers. Environmental regulations have become more strict, precise and exacting nowadays. The possibility of economic slowdown in markets in European countries poses significant threats. The company has also been constantly facing the threat of new conventional forms of medicine, herbal medicine, which has been proven to be more effective and has lesser side effects (Jarvis, 2006, p. 14). The fact that the company has started exhibiting complacency in its operations due to the synonymous market leadership it holds also serves as a chief threat as explicated in the USA where new drugs were introduced without following all the rules (Robson, 2013, p. 55). GlaxoSmithKline’s PORTER Analysis The PORTER analysis constitutes five forces that can be used to analyze a company’s (for instance GlaxoSmithKline) framework and business strategy development. You read "Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline" in category "Essay examples" The five forces considered include bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, rivalry with competitors, and threats of substitutes and new entrants (Dhar, 2008, pp 17). These forces are imperative in the analysis of the existing competitive intensity in a market since a company, in this case GlaxoSmithKline, is able to determine how competitors are acting and thus the attractiveness of this market. For GlaxoSmithKline, the market is very lucrative as attested to by the huge number of profits raked in annually. This in turn implies that the possibility of new entrants into the market is very high and the company has to be constantly monitoring how it responds to competitors activities to maintain its market position (Torun, 2 007, p. 34). Threats of New Entrants for GlaxoSmithKline The cost required to enter the pharmaceutical market is quite high due to extensive research and development needed in the industry. As a result, GlaxoSmithKline has limited worry due to threats of new entrants. The government impacts strict rules to companies wishing to enter the drugs industry. High chances of products expiry act as barriers to new entrants. GlaxoSmithKline has also established a strong brand name with customers thereby eliminating several competitors (Torun, 2007, p. 45). However, the profitability of this market has in the recent past attracted myriads of smaller firms into the industry. This has been mainly through the formation of bigger corporations through mergers, acquisitions and amalgamations of smaller firms. Eventually, GlaxoSmithKline will have to deal with these new developments in order to capitalize on the robust brand name it has built and counter the threat of new entrants into the market (Anon., 2011, p. 99). Threat of Substitutes for GlaxoSmithKline Generic brand medication is the main substitution for pharmaceutical companies like GlaxoSmithKline. Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is one of the products substitute to GlaxoSmithKline (Reuters, 2010). These substitutes deliver same products to customers except that they use different brand names and prices. These new forms of contemporary medicine are a major threat for this company since they have been found to be much safer and cheaper in comparison to conventional medicine (Healy Palepu, 2010, p. 77). For this reason, GlaxoSmithKline faces a major threat with the increased proliferation of this form of medicine. Bargaining Power of Buyers in GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline spends most of its research and development techniques to produce high quality and transparent products. As a result, there is a small significant threat of buyers to GlaxoSmithKline. Major consumers of their products include patients, doctors, hospitals, pharmacists and other healthcare facilities (GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d.). The power of buyers is small considering their numbers in the market. The fact that GlaxoSmithKline is also among the top pharmaceutical companies globally has cemented this fact by availing funds, latest forms of technology and manpower to the company. Buyers, therefore, do not pose any threat to the company for they have limited bargaining power. Being an oligopolistic form of market, sellers, such as GlaxoSmithKline, control the prices in the industry (Bass, 2008, p. 67). Bargaining Power of Suppliers in GlaxoSmithKline The main suppliers include raw materials and labor providers, study staff, clinical officers, and investigators of production, distribution and marketing (Jarvis, 2006, p. 87). They can easily impose huge threats to GlaxoSmithKline by withholding or reducing the quality of supplies. GlaxoSmithKline has a clean history of treating their suppliers well by meeting their demands. The company also offers excellent remuneration to it employees. The company maintains a clean record in meeting all contractual requirements and terms with its suppliers (Griffin, 2012, p. 45). This has rendered it in pole position in dictating terms with its suppliers. Thence, suppliers wield minimal bargaining power, quashing the threat of altogether. GlaxoSmithKline’s Rivalry with Competitors Government policies and regulations in pharmaceutical industries are strict thereby limiting number of competitors. The large industry size enables GlaxoSmithKline to prosper without necessarily stealing the market from other competitors (Bass, 2008, p. 23; Thomas Schmidt, 2012). Pharmaceutical industries grow rapidly thereby generating quicker revenue and in the long run reducing competition. Due to this, GlaxoSmithKline uses planning and foresight to position itself for long term success in the world of competition. Furthermore, pharmaceutical industry requires costly extensive research and development techniques which limit number of competitors (Torun, 2007, p. 32). Conclusion and Recommendations Gaining advantages in the world of competition requires high quality product delivery using appropriate techniques. GlaxoSmithKline, for example, should focus to eliminate its weaknesses and threats so as to achieve competitive advantages. They should do this by improving their strengths and taking great advantages in their opportunities. They should organize several campaigns that address issues of security and safety of drug use through media and internets. Production of adequate (but not excess) products reduces high chances of products expiries. Highly qualified personnel in the field of research and development will ensure required expectation in researches. To combat the problem of Europe’s economic slowdown, they should focus on global production by extending their market all over the world. The cost used to improve these recommendations can easily be recovered from high profits achieved from sales of new improved products. To summarize, GlaxoSmithKline should add these recommendations to their strategies hence enable them compete effectively in the pharmaceutical market. Reference List Anon., 2003. About GlaxoSmithKline. Nature, 422(6933), pp. 783-800. Anon., 2011. GlaxoSmithKline Case Study Through Mergers Acquisitions to Success.. 1st ed. S.l.: Datamonitor Plc. Armstrong, M., 2011. Armstrong’s handbook of strategic human resource management. 5th ed. London: Kogan Page. Bass, A., 2008. Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial,. 1st ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. BBC, 2012. GlaxoSmithKline to pay $3bn in US drug fraud scandal. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18673220 [Accessed 11 February 2014]. GlaxoSmithKline plc, n.d. What we do. [Online] Available at: http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html [Accessed 11 February 2014]. Griffin, R. W., 2012. Fundamentals of management. 6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Healy, P. M. Palepu, K. G., 2010. Business analysis and valuation: IFRS edition, text only. 2nd ed. Hampshire [etc.: Thomson. Jarvis, L., 2006. BIOPHARMACEUTICALS GlaxoSmithKline Forges Into Biologies. Chemical Engineering News, 84(51), p. 14. Reuters, 2010. FACTBOX-The 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. [Online] Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/26/pharmaceutical-mergers-idUSN2612865020100326 [Accessed 10 February 2014]. Robson, K., 2013. Service-ability create a customer centric culture and gain competitive advantage. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Thomas, K. Schmidt, M. S., 2012. Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraud-settlement.html?_r=0 [Accessed 10 February 2014]. Torun, F., 2007. Novartis – an internal scanning of a pharmaceutical company. 1st ed. Munchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. How to cite Strategic (SWOT, Five Forces) Analysis of Glaxosmithkline, Essay examples

Business Law and Ethics Napster Case free essay sample

Table of content Table of content pages Introduction.. 1 The internet piracy Napster case and other peer to peer system.. 1-3 What should be done to stop internet piracy or make it useful for companies 3-4 Conclusion. References 5 INTRODUCTION During the year 2000 a very big controversial case was judged in the northern district court of California in the united state of America . several recording companies were suing a company known as Napster for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement under the US digital millennium copyright act (DMCA). Napster was created by Shawn fanning and Sean parker in 1999. It was basically a peer to peer system, a peer to peer system is a system which allows internet users to share directly files rather than use a website or a directory in the case of Napster it was a peer to peer system specializes only on mp3 music. This system made it easy for user to download copies of songs that were otherwise very difficult to obtain. This system was a real problem for the recording company because people obtained latest songs without spending any money and that was a huge lost for the artist and the recording companies that what leads the Napster case to the court. A copyright refers to the laws that regulate the use of the work of a creator such as an artist or an author. This includes copying, distributing, altering and displaying creative, literary and other types of work. Unless written on a contract, the author of a work detains the copyright of his work. Copyright infringement is the unauthorized or unlicensed copying of a work subject to copyright and that is what Napster have been accused of. Napster defence was based on the fact that it was just a peer to peer system so its role was just to link users who wanted to share songs and that they did not stock any music in their system so they were not responsible for copyright infringement even with this argument Napster lost the case and shut down in 2001. The Napster case shows how it is easy nowadays to access to music illegally through the internet without spending any money. The real question here is how to stop this type of activity, what should be employed to stop them and try to keep the internet more secure for the copyright holders. THE INTERNET PIRACY NAPSTER CASE AND OTHER PEER TO PEER SYSTEM Piracy is acquired something illegally. In this case it is about acquired illegally an intellectual property. An intellectual property is a skill or knowledge owned by an individual. We can determine three types of intellectual the first one is creative works, including music, written material, movies, and software, which are protected by copyright law; the second one is inventions, which are protected by patent law; and the third one is brand-name products, which are protected by trademarks. Most of the problems about piracy have to do with the difference between intellectual and physical property. A CD, for example, is a physical property, but the songs on the CD are intellectual property. A customer in a record store can purchase a CD, but someone else still owns—or more precisely, has the copyright to—the songs on the CD. Piracy is a huge issue for the entertainment and software companies and usually piracy involves violation of the copyright law. Copyright is a legal right that protects creative works from being reproduced, performed, or disseminated without permission of the copyright owner. Essentially, a copyright gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of the material in question. Physical piracy involves the copying and the sale of all sort of hard copy like CD, DVD, or videotapes. It is a huge lost for the industry of music over $4 billion a year in the entire world and the film industry as well more than $3. 5 billion. These numbers do not factor in the growing (and difficult to measure) problem of Internet piracy, in which music and movies are transferred to digital format and copies are made of the resulting computer file. Journalist Charles C. Mann explains why Internet piracy has the potential to be vastly more damaging to copyright industries than does physical piracy: To make and distribute a dozen copies of a videotaped film requires at least two videocassette recorders, a dozen tapes, padded envelopes and postage, and considerable patience. And because the copies are tapes of tapes, the quality suffers. But if the film has been digitized into a computer file, it can be E-mailed to millions of people in minutes; because strings of zeroes and ones can be reproduced with absolute fidelity, the copies are perfect. And online pirates have no development costs—they don’t even have to pay for paper or blank cassettes—so they don’t really have a bottom line. Internet piracy was not a problem until the Napster gained the attention in 1999. Napster was created by a college student names Shawn fanning in 1999 it was a service which enable users to share digital music files over the internet. This system used a technology called peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-peer network help the users to link their computers to others computers over the network and share files. Users linked to Napster were able to share files with other and download music from almost any other computer present on the network. Napster claimed to have over 20 million users in July 2000, all of them making copies of each others’ music. By that time, Napster became the centre of a controversy about online file sharing. Part of Napster’s appeal was intertwined with the novelty of digital music: Many technically inclined people enjoyed using computer programs to organize their music collections and also liked being able to â€Å"burn† their own CD mixes. But the truly unprecedented aspect of Napster was that it gave users convenient access to a seemingly unlimited selection of music—for free. A lot of fans and users of Napster did not consider the download of music as piracy; they said that Napster was just helping them to share files and not steal them. They also stated that Napster permitted to independent musician to become well known. A teenager quoted in a June 2000 Newsweek feature on Napster summed up the typical view: â€Å"People don’t think it’s anything bad. . . . Or think about it at all. Meanwhile, the creators of Napster claimed that they were not responsible for what users did with their software. The music industry disagreed. â€Å"What Napster is doing threatens legitimate E-commerce models and is legally and morally wrong,† said Hilary Rosen, then-president of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the trade group that represents the U. S. music industry. Several record la bels filed suit against Napster in December 1999, and after months of hearings, Napster was eventually shut down in July 2001. To the frustration of the music industry, other file-sharing services emerged to take Napster’s place. ome did not get the success of Napster but others like such as Scour, Grokster, Morpheus, and Audio galaxy, were targeted by copyright-infringement lawsuits. In late 2003 one of the most popular file-sharing services was Kazaa. Although Kazaa and other file-sharing services allow users to share movie files and software as well as music, the music industry has led the fight against online file sharing. The RIAA and other organizations representing the music industry blame online file sharing for the 26 percent fall in global CD sales that occurred between 1999 and 2003. Many factors, including a sluggish economy and a lack of exciting pop music releases may be responsible for the decline, but as reporters Kenneth Terrell and Seth Rosen note, â€Å"digital piracy undoubtedly plays a role. † Kazaa is directed by Sharman Networks which is locates on Vanuatu a south pacific island and is thus less bound by U. S laws. Kazaa and others like him use decentralized peer-to-peer networks than Napster did and therefore are more difficult to eliminate they can’t be stopped by just closing some servers like they did for Napster. Because of that the music companies focus now on individual file sharer than the peer to peer networks they use. In April 2003, for example, the recording industry sued four university students in federal court, accusing them of making thousands of songs available online for illegal downloading over P2P networks. The RIAA took a much larger step in September 2003, when it filed lawsuits against hundreds of Kazaa users, threatening them with penalties of thousands of dollars per copyrighted work that was shared online. We’ve been telling people for a long time that file sharing copyrighted music is illegal, that you are not anonymous when you do it, and that engaging in it can have real consequences,† said RIAA president Cary Sherman. She added, â€Å"Nobody likes playing the heavy and having to resort to litigation, but when your product is being regularly stolen, there comes a time when you have to take appropriate action. † The RIAA proposed to drop the lawsuits if the accused promised to stop sharing copyrighted music online. he file of these lawsuits was possible because of The June 2003 court ruling that said that Internet service providers (ISPs) were legally obligated to reveal the names of alleged file sharers. But in December 2003 the U. S Court of appeals for the district of Columbia circuit change the ruling saying that ISP are not forced to reveal the identities of their customers. However the ruling does not make file sharing legal but seriously stop the music companies’ of targeting individual file sharers. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO STOP THE INTERNET PIRACY OR TO MAKE IT USEFUL FOR THE COMPANIES. Many critics of the music industry’s hard-line stance against online file sharing have argued that record companies need to embrace digital music. Some legal online store like Itunes started to sell song and many people buy these song this suggest many people are ready to pay for the services these companies offer. Digital music sales may therefore offer a partial fix for the music industry’s woes. However, despite the efforts to fight it and the alternatives that are being offered, online file sharing remains rampant. An estimated 2. billion music files are downloaded through P2P networks each month, and more than four hundred thousand movies are downloaded each day. These figures will probably rise as computers become more powerful and broadband Internet access becomes more widespread. The augmentation on file sharing on the internet show how new technologies bring huge issues for copyright law. With the internet and the new computers information can now circulate eas ily than before, but all the copyright system depends of the ability from the copyright holders to control the transmission of information principally control who can access and use their work. The defender of internet file sharing think that since internet completely changed the access to information the law need to change as well. John Perry Barlow, a cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, has argued that â€Å"copyright’s not about creation, which will happen anyway—it’s about distribution. † Applying this view to online music sharing, a few defenders of online sharing files say that copyright law is not designed to protect musicians because these one do not spend a lot of money to create song ,but copyright law serve record companies, who invest a lot of money to produce thousands of CDs. Record companies, according to this logic, benefit society by helping to distribute creators’ work, and the law should enable them to make a profit in doing so. But, the argument goes, since the Internet has made transmitting information almost free and thus made CDs largely unnecessary as a means of distributing music, record companies are no longer necessary—and neither are the laws that make copying songs illegal. CONCLUSION The idea that the internet made or will make copyright law unnecessary is very present nowadays especially with the venue of the online sharing system if some people think this practice should be banned other think that the recording companies should integrated this system and make it profitable for them and it was the case for apple with the iTunes system, however piracy is still present and continue to grow so the real issue here is to find an effective solution to protect intellectual or other properties because at the moment it is not the case. eferences www. internet-law-library. com www. findlaw. com law and internet third edition, by Lilian Edwards and Charlotte Waelde, 2009